Weather phenomena as well. Dangerous meteorological phenomena

Today we will talk about climate change that can happen in 2018, as well as how they can affect events in the world.

There are many hypotheses about which direction the climate is changing, and many believe that what is happening global warming associated with technogenic influence. Along with this, there is an assumption about a general destabilization of atmospheric phenomena, and from our point of view, such an opinion is more justified. Some scientists believe that destabilization is associated with human activity, in particular with the release of carbon dioxide leading to the melting of glaciers, and as a result, to the redistribution of vaporous water in the atmosphere, which manifests itself in active air currents. Other experts suggest that the same technogenic influence should lead to the greenhouse effect, that is, a general increase in temperature. However, it can be assumed that climate change is not at all related to the influence of society, and all these phenomena are created by the forces of nature itself.

Indeed, the emission of aerosols and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is not so great as to increase global temperatures by a few fractions of a degree per year. Technogenic civilization simply does not have such a volume of energy to lead to global consequences. In the same way, industry is not capable of leading to the destabilization of natural processes, since the influence of technology in different parts of the Earth should be similar and not lead to different consequences. Consequently, nature itself creates a certain failure within itself, which leads to a deviation of weather phenomena from the norm.

One might ask: why would a natural system organize such oscillations?

They are needed so that natural phenomena become more diverse and are able to demonstrate a greater range of properties that are reduced under normal conditions. This applies not only to processes in the atmosphere, but also to geological phenomena occurring inside the Earth, as well as the development of biological organisms. As long as energy circulates in nature in standard rhythms, its external manifestations turn out to be monotonous. But if the cyclicity is disrupted and constant changes are observed, then any phenomenon and organism has to find new approaches to ensure its existence. In order to adapt to changing conditions, any process becomes more active, that is, it accumulates internal energy which it can direct at any moment towards its transformation. Therefore, air currents become more active, thanks to which they are easily able to change their direction.

The same thing will begin to be observed in living nature - organisms will find new ways to accumulate energy, and initially this will manifest itself in an increase in their vitality and the ability to adapt to weather fluctuations. Over time, this physiological flexibility will lead to the manifestation of abilities that will help plants and animals easily adapt to change. external environment. Plants will learn to change the shape and size of leaves over several months, which may be necessary to change the rate of moisture evaporation from the leaf surface. The color of the leaves can also change to adjust to the characteristics of solar radiation, which has become more active and harsh in recent years. To absorb shorter wavelength radiation, plants can begin to incorporate new photosynthetic substances into their tissues, as a result of which they will acquire multi-colored colors. At the same time, the natural system, trying to protect its environment from excessive exposure to sunlight, will screen radiation by forming a dense layer of clouds.

As a matter of fact, this effect has already begun to occur, and therefore cloudy weather has become especially frequent in recent years. In view of this, most plants will have to adapt more not to bright sunlight, but rather to its lack. Therefore, the leaves will contain substances that can absorb light radiation particularly effective, and constant experimentation is likely to occur in order to better adapt to changing external conditions.

In general, plants will need to expand the range of their capabilities, learning to adapt to both unusually hot and dry weather with a large abundance of light, and to a lack of light and heat, which will lead to the need to conserve vital energy. It is possible that issues of resource shortage will be solved by plants by forming special rhizomes or other storage facilities located in the stem and leaves, allowing the storage of valuable substances. In order to more actively respond to external events, plants will need to carry out a year-round cycle, that is, photosynthesize not only in summer, but also in winter. Such changes in flora Animals will certainly be affected, starting with the need to change the color of their body due to a change in the color of the vegetation and ending with a change in the composition of the food of herbivorous animals.

Perhaps the first shifts in the physiology of plants and animals will begin to be observed as early as 2018, and although they will not be so obvious yet, particularly rapid adaptation will already begin in some areas. This will be due to especially frequent weather fluctuations in such a place, as a result of which living beings will also have to learn to vary their characteristics. In fact, nature seeks to harden its inhabitants and arranges something similar to a contrast shower, when sudden changes in temperature lead to improved blood circulation and immunity.

Such properties of the organism, based on its ability to quickly adapt, are associated with a more rapid course of its vital energy, when a rapid flow can be directed to activate some new quality. If energy moves slowly and inertly inside the body, then its strength is simply not enough to overcome the internal barriers created during the development process. Such restrictions are most often associated with the body’s habit of reacting to external disturbances in a certain way, and in biology such stereotypes are called reflexes and instincts. In new conditions, a living creature needs to be more flexible, so it must have the strength to escape from the internal restrictions developed over the course of time. natural selection. Therefore, by creating many fluctuations in environmental parameters, nature forces the body to activate and cancel many of its old programs. Thanks to this, it becomes possible to reach a new level of development, when the body can independently carry out its transformation by choosing for itself new uniform existence.

Until now, the characteristics of most inhabitants of nature were mediated by their genetic kinship created during evolution, as well as the pressure of natural selection, which forced characteristics to change only in a certain direction. Now, due to an energy surge in the body, he will be able not only to react to external influences, but also to approach his capabilities creatively, incorporating into his structure such characteristics that will reflect his personal desires. In fact, in each plant and animal its special character will begin to manifest itself, which will not depend on the species, but will be associated with the needs of the entity that lives in the body of the biological organism. Therefore, it is possible that the destabilization of natural phenomena will lead to the departure of biological nature from a clear species structure, and different creatures will begin to freely interact with each other, creating new forms of symbiosis and interbreeding to give birth to unique hybrids with new properties.

In general, the species diversity that biologists observe at the moment is an artificial picture, similar to a still photograph, since previous conditions were extremely stable and did not allow living beings to change. Biological organisms simply had no incentive to carry out internal transformation, and they spent all their excess energy on interspecific competition. Now, in the new conditions, the inhabitants of nature will have to move away from confrontations, and disruptions in weather phenomena will act like a shock that will turn the body inward in search of a new solution. Such a focus of attention will help each being remember its own desires, and the surge of strength that occurs as a result of external activation will help to realize these needs.

All of the above is a general trend that will be observed in the coming years, and it will begin to gain momentum in 2018. The weather fluctuations that became noticeable in 2017 will now become more frequent, and the number of cloudy days as a consequence of the need of the natural system to shield the harsh radiation of the sun. The coming winter may turn out to be quite wet, as the abundance of clouds will lead to the creation of a global cyclone in central Russia. However, periodically in your climate zone There will be a breakthrough of northern cold winds, which will establish an anticyclone leading to clear and frosty weather.

Most of the time the temperature will be moderate, about ten degrees below zero, and periodic thaws may be observed due to temperature changes. Several times during the season, severe cold snaps down to -30 o C are possible. About the same thing will happen in spring and summer - most For some time, the weather will be quite humid and cool, characteristic of a cyclone, and periodically it will be disturbed by energy bursts, leading to the establishment of an anticyclone.

In general, nature will try to cover its surface with clouds, so weather characteristic of a cyclone will be the most common. At the same time, atmospheric phenomena will be characterized by significant instability, and precipitation in the form of wet snow or rain and suddenly stop, after which suddenly the sky may clear sun rays saturate the earth with your energy. Such cycles will be accompanied by active winds, which will rapidly transport air masses with different humidity, temperature and density, thereby varying weather conditions at every point on the Earth. It is worth keeping in mind that some gusts of wind can be especially strong and develop into hurricanes, and such an undesirable natural phenomenon can become the main form of cataclysm characteristic of central Russia. Similar phenomena have already begun to occur in last years, and in 2018 they are able to intensify.

In addition, due to frequent rainfall, flooding may occur in some places, and such phenomena should be expected in the coming spring. Most likely, in the coming year, fluctuations in the natural environment will not be so strong, which means floods and hurricanes will not cause serious damage. In addition, your country's security services are well prepared for such incidents, so there is no need to fear serious consequences. However, you should be careful in those moments when the wind suddenly increases, which may indicate the arrival of another atmospheric front and sudden changes in weather. Forecasters are not always able to predict such changes, and therefore security services are not always able to notify people in advance about a possible hurricane. Of course, we are talking about the most obvious activation of the atmosphere and wind gusts above 15 m/sec. In other cases, strong wind will become quite common, being the main tool of the natural system for varying its parameters.

Weather fluctuations can affect not only the physiology of animals and plants, but also lead to restructuring of the human body. Overall, a drastic change external conditions forces any creature to rebuild, and a person, as a part of the natural environment, will feel new energy rhythms, manifested in fluctuations in temperature, humidity and pressure. Such contrasts will become some stress for the body, which will help its hidden resources to manifest themselves.

At first, a person may feel overexcited due to the increase in the level of vital energy, but later he will have the opportunity to channel this excess strength into his endeavors and into the activation of many abilities. The year 2018 can be considered a turning point in many social processes, since the events of 2017 were the result of a general tension in the situation, and now this tension should result in some changes. At first glance, the tension can create nothing but destruction, and perhaps some social processes will indeed experience breakdown. But most likely, these events will not lead to serious consequences, and the social system will be able to easily equalize the balance. In general, the social system will act like natural environment, creating many private bursts and disturbances.

This nature of social phenomena, which will manifest itself in their deviations from the norm, is associated with the reaction of the social system to the flow of cosmic radiation, which began to arrive on Earth in 2017. The set of these frequencies is completely uncharacteristic for the Earth, so new vibrations take natural and social processes out of their usual course. At the same time, the flow of new energies is constantly changing, and completely different vibrations can be observed, when each impulse differs in its set of frequencies and a certain intensity of the processes that it stimulates.

In most cases, the natural and social system will not be able to predict the spectrum of frequencies at which influence from space will occur, and they will simply have to react to the changes that will be triggered within their phenomena. The same can be said about the human body, whose biological systems will adapt to new frequencies, and it is impossible to predict in advance the nature of the external influence. On the one hand, such a surprise effect can lead to internal anxiety, a feeling of uncertainty, and for some time the human body will not understand what is happening to it. On the other hand, such destabilization will lead to the need for the body to use its energy reserves, and thanks to this, the level of vital energy will increase. Perhaps, if a person is prepared for unexpected changes in his mood, associated with the body’s inability to predict environmental conditions, then he will be able to easily go through the process of his activation.

In fact, the human body will experience an awakening and will have the opportunity to abandon many reflexes and instincts that are boring to it, which at first will begin to remind themselves due to a sharp change in conditions. First of all, a person will be influenced by natural phenomena, changes in which will begin to be felt by the body and will lead to internal unrest. This state is associated with the instinct of survival, directing the creature’s attention to any uncharacteristic change in the external environment in order to accept vital important decision. In most cases, deviations of natural phenomena from the norm will not lead to disasters, but the instinct of self-preservation will constantly signal danger. This biological program can become so strong that a person becomes uncomfortable living with it, and he can cancel it if he realizes its ineffectiveness.

Until now, the instinct of self-preservation has manifested itself at an unconscious level, forcing a person to compete with other people for social resources. But now, due to particularly obvious and frequent fluctuations in the external environment, this instinct will become too obvious, and will lead to inappropriate behavior. A person will feel that in many situations his reactions will be inappropriate and too exaggerated, and the reason will be an excess of emotions. In order to prevent your consciousness from being shaken, you should look at yourself from the outside and see that most situations that lead to anxiety are quite ordinary. Continuing to observe his behavior, a person will be able to feel an internal program that constantly makes him irritated for every reason, and the reason will lie in new and unusual vibrations on which each phenomenon will begin to resonate, influencing a person’s perception on a subconscious level.

The usual reaction to new energies is shock and surprise, since the body does not have a ready-made pattern of behavior in unusual energy conditions. At the same time, outwardly everything can remain the same, but at the level of feelings the human body will exist at completely new frequencies. In fact, a change in the energy situation is favorable, as it contributes to the restructuring of the human body and the manifestation of his individuality in the characteristics of his body. Each person can carry out the process, similar to that which will occur in living nature due to the arrival of new energies. The excess vital energy that arises as a result of activation can be directed to awakening the desired abilities, and then external influence will no longer lead to irritation. However, it is worth considering that first a person needs to remove the blockage from his body by canceling the survival program.

One way or another, the external environment promotes such a step and, through constant fluctuations in its conditions, encourages people to abandon old programs. Such impulses make it possible to realize the survival program, the control of which in most situations turns out to be inappropriate. By paying attention to this outdated instinct, you can simply stop noticing it, and then the person will release energy from the program that previously controlled his actions. A person will no longer want to react to these alarming signals arising within him, and, deprived of energy, they will gradually begin to subside. Due to this, a person will become more master of his emotions and will be able to direct their power to awaken new abilities and realize his desires, for the fulfillment of which he previously did not have enough life resources. Therefore, as one realizes the cause of unrest and moves away from habitual reactions, a person will begin to free his perception from old stereotypes, which will help him find contact with many deep-seated aspirations that previously did not have the opportunity to be realized due to a lack of sufficient energy.

Thus, in 2018, a person will feel numerous fluctuations in the external environment, which will lead to an increase in the level of his vital energy. Internal activation will be associated with the body’s need to adapt to new conditions, because it will not have ready-made templates for such changes. However, in most cases, a person does not necessarily need to take any action, and such subconscious reactions are associated with the operation of the survival program. Having seen the inappropriateness of most emotional outbursts caused by the work of the survival instinct, a person will be able to focus his attention and direct vital resources to his own activation.

In 2018, there will not yet be a radical restructuring at the level of the body, but by becoming freer at the level of state, a person will create the preconditions for the desired changes. The key significance of the coming year is the possibility of canceling many innate programs that will become especially noticeable and at the same time manifest themselves inappropriately, as a result of which the need to abandon them will become obvious.

Such a refusal can be accomplished by simply transferring attention to the desired accomplishments after a person has seen the nature of the influence of the internal program on his actions. If the program leads to frequent irritation with loved ones, then it can be canceled by creating an intention to improve these relationships. If irritation is manifested in some activity, then a favorable decision leading to the abolition of the stereotype may be associated with setting a goal that promotes self-development. In general, the transfer of attention is associated with the creation of a new positive program, replacing the old one and effectively implementing the amount of energy that was previously spent on causeless excitement. The coming year will in many ways allow a person to become the master of his life force and, by creating new intentions, direct it in the direction he desires.

Sincerely,

It seems like every year the weather gets crazier than the previous year. The news basically talks about flash floods and other extreme events all the time. weather conditions- some may argue with this, but it seems that climate change caused by human activity is, in fact, very real. Polar icebergs are melting at an alarming rate, which will inevitably cause sea levels to rise in the future. On the other hand, a period of high fire danger in the forests of hot, arid regions west coast North America lasts about 75 days longer than it lasted ten years ago. Yes, climate change seems inevitable, however, there are still several rather rare natural weather phenomena that should be feared.

1. Rain of animals: drizzling with people, that is, with animals, hallelujah

Stories of rain from animals or objects date back to the first century AD, when Pliny the Elder The Elder) first documented frogs falling from the sky. In 1794, French soldiers also witnessed a rain of toads. Even today, Hondurans have witnessed a phenomenon known as the Fish Rain of Honduras (Lluvia de Peces).

What is Fish Rain in Honduras, you ask? In the department of Yoro, Honduras, fish are literally falling from the sky, and this has been happening every year for more than a century.

One common explanation for rain of animals falling from the sky is the passage of waterspouts, but the closest marine source for the Fish Rain phenomenon in Honduras is over 200 kilometers away, and waterspouts simply don't travel that far. This event may also be due to the fact that freshwater fish travels around groundwater in connection with seasonal changes. Heavy rains may wash the fish up and when the water recedes the fish end up on the ground.

Some believe that when the Spanish priest Father José Manuel (Jesus de) Subirana saw how poor and hungry the local Yoro people were, he prayed for a miraculous gift of food to be given to the people. After praying for three days and three nights, people were gifted with this rain of fish.

This rain of fish involuntarily makes you wonder - can “Sharknado” become a reality?

2. Hole cloud: UFO or not?

Some people see really strange things and others see what they want to see. Take, for example, the recent story of people in Stockton, California, who claimed to have seen a huge hole in the sky. These viewers took to social media and began speculating that the hole was caused by everything from an alien spaceship to an intergalactic wormhole. In reality, the UFO was a holey cloud, also known as a perforated cloud.

Cirrocumulus or altocumulus clouds containing super-chilled water that cannot freeze without a tiny particle to cling to are the main cause of holey clouds. Scientists believe that when planes fly through these clouds, they begin the process of ice formation and crystallization. Air passing around the propellers or wings of an airplane causes the air to expand and cool quickly, thus forming ice crystals that then sink below the cloud, long after the airplane has passed through it. Perhaps one of these holey clouds was the inspiration for the classic Black Sabbath song "Hole In The Sky":
"I'm looking through a hole in the sky
I see nothing through the eyes of lies
I'm getting closer to the end of the line
I live with ease when the sun doesn't shine"

3. Fire whirlwind: when Forest fires turn into swirling tornadoes

A fire whirlwind is a rare phenomenon in which fire forms a tornado-like vortex of flame. These insidious flame cyclones are also known as fire-smoke vortexes or fire devils, and no wonder - they look like they came straight from the deepest bowels of hell!

These hellish whirling dervishes of fire occur when trees, a hillside, or flames force the air to shift against competing air temperatures and speeds. While some fire whirls die out fairly quickly, others can move when the heat is able to hold at a certain level and the surrounding gases push it back on itself.

Perhaps the deadliest example of a firestorm occurred in 1923 in Japan, the aftermath of a powerful 7.9 earthquake. Survivors of the disaster gathered for open space, but the resulting massive firestorm swept through the entire area, killing thousands.

4. Catatumbo Lightning: The Largest and Longest Light Show on Earth

You've heard the term "perfect storm", haven't you? Yes, a perfect storm, where a series of events occur simultaneously, making the situation much worse. This lightning phenomenon is so rare that it only occurs in one place on Earth due to a perfect storm of location and natural gases.

The Catatumbo lightning phenomenon occurs only above the mouth of the Catatumbo River in Venezuela, where it flows into Lake Maracaibo. Warm and cold fronts collide, creating ideal condition for this lightning. Add to this the nearby swamps, which release methane, which in turn improves the electrical conductivity of the clouds - and voila! You've got the coolest atmospheric phenomenon.

Catatumbo lightning typically occurs for 140 to 160 nights per year, but stopped occurring for a few months in 2010, causing many local residents worry. Much to their relief, the lightning has since returned, stronger than ever.

5. Round-horizontal arc or “fiery rainbow”: an airy kaleidoscope of color

Fire rainbows look so cool and are so rare that it's possible that the Land of Oz is actually somewhere above them!

Technically known as round-horizontal arcs, these rainbows occur under very specific conditions. They usually appear within summer months- the sun should be at an altitude of 58° or more, with cirrus clouds and sunlight must pass through the ice crystals in the clouds at the right angle.

These are also some of the largest clouds! They are so large that some people mistake the rainbow for part of the sky rather than a cloud.

The round-horizontal arcs, also known as ice halos, are not actually fire or rainbows.

6. Ice stalactite (Brinicle): ice finger of death

Hazardous weather not only poses a threat to us land dwellers, it also threatens some of our sea friends.

Take, for example, the cool and bizarre looking ice stalactite. An ice stalactite is formed by the sinking of a cold, brine solution (water saturated with salt) to the bottom.

It is formed when heat rises from warm sea to cold air, resulting in new ice forming at the bottom. The ice is pushed through the channels of salt water and due to the fact that this salty water denser and colder than the rest sea water surrounding it, it sinks down and freezes the areas of warmer seawater with which it comes into contact. When an ice stalactite reaches the bottom, it leaves a deadly web of ice that freezes everything it comes into contact with, including sea urchins And starfish.
Watch out, Aquaman!

7. Green beam: blink and miss it!

If you've ever seen a piece of green peeking out from the sun during sunrise or sunset, it could be one of two things:
1) Or you have a flashback from an acid trip
or
2) Either you witnessed natural phenomenon, known as the green ray.

This phenomenon usually occurs during sunrise or sunset, when more light reaches the observer's eyes without scattering. The green beam is caused by the slight bending and refraction of light in the atmosphere. The atmosphere acts like a prism, separating light into different colors. When the sun rises completely above the horizon, the different colors of the spectrum merge, causing the spectrum to become invisible to the naked eye. It's called a ray because that's exactly what it is - green color visible only for a few seconds.

However, if you took acid before observing this phenomenon, you will be able to see much more than a green speck above the sun!

8. Dirty Thunderstorm: Storm in a Volcano

Let's talk a little more about lightning, just because it's so damn cool!

Another truly fascinating and rare weather phenomenon is volcanic lightning, also known as a dirty thunderstorm. Not only does this phenomenon have a menacing appearance and the danger of a volcanic eruption, but lightning is also mixed in, and the result is a blood-curdling miracle of weather!

Volcanic lightning occurs when lightning occurs in a volcanic column of smoke and ash. The process begins when particles separate, either after a collision or when larger particles split in two. Some differences in the aerodynamics of these particles then cause the positively charged particles to separate from the negatively charged particles. Lightning occurs when this separation of charges becomes too great and the air cannot resist the flow of electricity. Volcanic eruptions also release a large number of water, which can also contribute to the formation of these thunderstorms.

Advice for the future: if you see lightning in the very center volcanic eruption, get out of there as fast as you can!

9. Aurora: Nature's Spectacular Light Show

We simply had to include the aurora on this list! This is an incredible natural phenomenon that occurs above the magnetic poles in the north and is also known as the Northern Lights. (In the south the same phenomenon occurs, but it is known as the southern lights).

What causes these auroras to form? Once again, it's all about the collision. This incredible light show occurs when gaseous particles from the earth's atmosphere collide with charged particles coming from the Sun, which enter the earth's atmosphere. These fantastic displays, which are usually visible closer to the poles and during the equinoxes, appear in many colors, although green and pink color are the most common.

Members of the Menominee Indian Nation of Wisconsin believed that the northern lights were the home of the spirits of great hunters.

10. Rolling clouds: waves that roll across the sky

Rolling clouds are a truly impressive sight! Some people described these clouds as being like a tornado overturned. These types of bulk clouds are typically associated with thunderstorms.

Do not confuse them with similar shelf clouds. These rarities of nature are formed when air temperatures invert, causing warm air appears above the cold air. The wind then changes speed and direction and causes these cylindrical clouds to roll up.

To form bulk clouds, only the right amount of moisture is needed. Thunderstorm winds actually roll clouds into a tube shape that moves ahead of the storm. They look like a giant rolling pin rolling across the sky!

Weather forecasting for people in extreme situation, it's important. Here are signs of weather stability, as well as all upcoming changes.

Predict the weather, as shown by long-term observations. It is possible by the state of individual meteorological elements (air temperature, wind, cloudiness, atmospheric phenomena), as well as by the behavior of insects, birds, and plants.

Weather prediction by meteorological elements

Signs of persistent clear weather

Air temperature. IN summer time hot during the day, cool at night. In winter, the frost is severe at night and weakens during the day. At night it is much warmer in the forest than in the field; it is warmer on a hill or higher ground than below.

Wind. It is quiet at night, the wind increases during the day, and subsides in the evening.

Cloudiness. The sky is often completely clear. In winter, when there is no wind, in the evening the sky is covered with a continuous cover of low stratus clouds. In spring, summer, and autumn, cumulus clouds may appear in the mornings, before lunch they increase in size and disappear in the evening. Sometimes high cirrus clouds are visible early in the morning, disappearing in the evening. Clouds move in the same direction as the wind at the surface of the earth.

Atmospheric phenomena. The sunset is clear. At night, heavy dew or frost falls. In the hollows and lowlands, fog forms in the evening and at night and disperses with sunrise. Dawn - golden or pink.

Smoke rises in a column.

Signs of the weather changing to stormy

Air temperature. In summer, the difference between day and night temperatures decreases. In winter, the evening becomes warmer than during the day, and the temperature rises.

Wind intensifies, becoming stronger in the evening.

Cloudiness intensifies. If it is clear during the day, but in the evening the clouds thicken and thicken, you need to wait for rain or a change in weather. The direction of cloud movement does not coincide with the direction of the wind at the surface of the earth.

Atmospheric phenomena. At night, dew does not fall and fog does not form in the lowlands. The audibility of sounds and visibility increases, especially in the mountains. The sun sets into a cloud. The stars twinkle strongly. Morning and evening dawn is bright red. Smoke from a fire slopes or spreads horizontally.

Signs of persistent severe weather

Air temperature. There is little difference between day and night temperatures. In summer the temperature is moderate, in winter there is slight frost or thaw.

Wind. The speed is high, the direction changes little.

Cloudiness. In winter, the sky is completely covered with stratus and nimbostratus clouds. In summer, a continuous, uniform cloud cover does not always form.

Atmospheric phenomena. Rain or snow is light, continuous over a long period of time, or heavy, falling intermittently.

Signs of bad weather changing to good

Temperature. In summer and winter there is a decrease in temperature.

Wind becomes impetuous.

Cloudiness. It becomes variable, gaps appear. By evening, glimmers of clear skies appear in the west.

Atmospheric phenomena. Rain and snow may fall at times and be quite heavy, but there is no continuous precipitation.

Signs of an approaching thunderstorm

High temperatures with low winds, soaring during the day. Early in the morning, cumulus clouds appear and quickly develop, taking the form of towers (stretched upward). Thunderstorms likely in the afternoon. If thunderclouds have the shape of individual narrow and tall towers, expect a brief thunderstorm with showers. The clouds have the appearance of piling masses with dark lower bases - the thunderstorm will be strong and prolonged.
In the morning the dew does not dry for a long time.
On a warm and stuffy evening, the sky is covered with a continuous veil of clouds - there will be a thunderstorm at night.

When determining the weather, you need to keep the following in mind:

The more signs confirm the same thing, the more accurate the forecast.
The slower meteorological signs change, the slower the weather will change.
If several signs contradict each other, unstable weather should be expected.
In autumn you need to trust the signs more bad weather, and in the summer - good.
Up close big cities due to their influence on the state of the atmosphere, there may be inconsistencies between changes in meteorological signs and the upcoming weather. The weather, in particular, there is strongly influenced by rising air masses from all heat sources, the greenhouse effect from atmospheric pollution from vehicle exhaust gases and factory chimney smoke.

Weather prediction based on the behavior of animals and plants

Insects help predict the weather

flies Before good weather they wake up early and buzz animatedly. If bad weather approaches, they sit quietly.

Mosquitoes and midges curl in a column - it will be good weather. Midges crawl into your face - it will rain. Mosquitoes bite more than usual - a thunderstorm.

They chirp a lot in the evening grasshoppers- a sign of good weather tomorrow.

Dragonflies They fly in large flocks, nervously, low and rustling their wings - in an hour or two it will rain. If they fly in flocks and rush from side to side, there will be a hurricane.

Bees behave calmly - the weather will be good. The bees became agitated and flew in one direction, towards the hive - towards bad weather.

The entrances to the anthill are open, and lively movement is visible. ants- for good weather. If the ants hastily close the entrances and hide themselves, it will rain in the near future.

Plants will help in weather predictions

Before the rain:

wildflowers smell stronger than usual;
the dandelion tightly clutches its fluffy “cap”;
burdock (burdock) cones open their hooks; hare cabbage (oxalis) flowers remain open overnight; The leaves of the bracken curl up before bad weather, and curl down before good weather.

The behavior of birds and fish can also help predict the weather.

The lark's song is a harbinger of clear weather; the larks sit with their heads ruffled - expect a thunderstorm.
If during a period of prolonged bad weather the birds chirped, clear weather will soon set in.
Cranes fly high - for clear weather.
The cuckoo crows regularly and sings a long song - to warm weather and the end of cold mornings.
The nightingale sings all night before good weather.
A crow hides its beak under its wing - to the cold.
Crows and jackdaws hover in the air in winter - in front of the snow; they sit on the snow - for thaw, on the tops of trees - for frost, on the lower branches - for clear weather.
A crow croaks in summer - a sign of rain, in winter - a blizzard.
Crows sit somehow with their heads in different directions - there will be no wind dark night if they sit down closer friend to a friend, closer to the tree trunk, choosing thicker branches, with their heads in one direction - there will be a strong wind from the side where their beaks are directed.
Before bad weather, birds feed much longer than usual, until dark.
A fish jumps out of the water and catches low-flying insects - predicting rain. Just before it rains, the fish don't bite.

Weather forecasting in the mountains

The approach of bad weather can be determined by the following signs:

the appearance of fast-moving cirrus clouds, cloudy haze on mountain tops;
disappearance of cumulus clouds in the evening;
fog and dew falling in the valleys in the evening and disappearing in the morning;
wind subsidence as temperatures rise in the valleys in the evening and under clear skies;
the formation of a crown around the sun or moon and the appearance of cirrostratus clouds;
gradual rise of clouds upward;
stuffy night and lack of dew in the evening;
the wind blows from the mountains to the valley during the day, and from the valley to the mountains at night;
formation of a mass of cumulus clouds - usually 2-3 hours before a thunderstorm;
the appearance of cloudiness during the day in high mountain areas.

It must be taken into account that these signs are general; in different mountains they need to be clarified and double-checked.

Terms used in short-term weather forecasts

Weather forecast: A scientifically based guess about future weather conditions.

Short term weather forecast: forecast of meteorological quantities and phenomena for a period from 12 to 72 hours.

Weather forecasts indicate the following meteorological quantities: precipitation, wind direction and speed, minimum air temperature at night and maximum air temperature during the day (in degrees Celsius - °C), weather phenomena.

In the event of a hazardous event - a hydrometeorological phenomenon that, due to the intensity of development, scale of distribution, duration, or at the time of occurrence, can pose a threat to the life or health of citizens, as well as cause significant material damage - a storm warning is drawn up. The list and criteria of hazardous meteorological phenomena and combinations of meteorological phenomena related to hazardous conditions are presented in Appendix A.

Terms used in precipitation forecasts

In weather forecasts, terms are used that characterize the presence or absence of precipitation; if precipitation is present, its type (phase state), quantity and duration.

The terms used in precipitation forecasts and the corresponding quantitative characteristics for liquid and mixed precipitation are given in Table 1, for solid precipitation in Table 2.

Table 1

Terms	Precipitation amount in 12 hours, mm
No precipitation, dry weather
light rain, light rain, drizzle, drizzle, light precipitation
Rain, rainy weather, precipitation (rain and snow; sleet; snow turning to rain; rain turning to snow)
Heavy rain, torrential rain (shower), heavy precipitation (heavy sleet, heavy sleet, heavy sleet)
Very heavy rain, very heavy precipitation (very heavy sleet, very heavy sleet, very heavy sleet)

table 2

For a more detailed description of the expected distribution of precipitation over the territory, the forecast uses the terms in "certain areas" And "in places". These terms imply that the expected weather phenomenon or meteorological value will be observed over no more than 50% of the total area.

To characterize the type of precipitation (liquid, solid, mixed), the following terms are used: “rain”, “snow”, “precipitation”. The term precipitation is used only with the obligatory addition of one of the terms given in Table 3.

Table 3

Terms	Characteristics of mixed precipitation
Rain with snow	Rain and snow at the same time, but rain prevails
Wet snow	Snow and rain at the same time, but snow predominates; melting snow
Snow turning to rain	Snow expected first, then rain
Rain turning to snow	Rain expected first, then snow
Snow with rain	Alternation of snow and rain, predominance of snow

To qualitatively characterize the duration of precipitation, the terms given in Table 4 are used.

Table 4

To detail the start (cessation) time of precipitation, uses the time of day characteristics given in Table 5

Table 5

Terms used in wind forecasts

Weather forecasts predict the direction and speed of the wind. The direction of the wind is indicated in the quarters of the horizon (from where the wind is blowing): north, southeast, etc. Weather forecasts indicate maximum speed wind gusts in meters per second or maximum average speed if gusts are not expected. In weather forecasts and storm warnings, wind speed is indicated at intervals of no more than 5 m/s. In light winds (speed ≤ 5 m/s), it is allowed not to indicate the direction or to use the term “light or variable directions”. If the predicted wind speed interval includes wind speed values that have reached the HV value (dangerous phenomenon), then a storm warning is issued. The qualitative characteristics of the wind and the corresponding quantitative values of the speeds are given in Table 6.

Table 6

Terms used in air temperature forecasts

Weather forecasts indicate the minimum air temperature at night and the maximum air temperature during the day, or a change in air temperature with an abnormal change of 5 ° C or more in half a day.

The expected minimum and maximum air temperatures are indicated in gradations at intervals of 2°C for a point, and 5°C for a territory. If an abnormal course of air temperature is expected, then indicate its highest (lowest) value using the characteristics of the time of day given in Table 5. When using the terms “increase” (“decrease”) or “decrease” (“cooling”), “increase " ("weakening") of frosts, the predicted value of air temperature is indicated in one number with the preposition "to".

If the maximum (minimum) air temperature is expected to reach OH values or the forecast interval includes temperature values that meet the OH criteria, then the term “extreme heat” (“severe frost”) is used and a storm warning is issued. The values of air temperatures related to the OHS criteria are given in Appendix A.

Terms used in weather forecasts

Weather forecasts must include the following expected weather phenomena: precipitation, thunderstorm, hail, squall, fog, blizzard, dust storm, ice-frost phenomena: ice, sticking (deposition) of wet snow on wires and trees, icy roads and snow drifts. In weather forecasts, the term “strong” is used to characterize the intensity of weather phenomena, and “very strong” for precipitation is used if it is expected that the intensity of the phenomenon will reach the OE criterion. In other cases, characteristics of the intensity of the phenomenon ("weak" or "moderate"), with the exception of precipitation intensity, are not indicated. In forecasts of weather phenomena, if necessary, use the terms “intensification,” “cessation,” “weakening,” indicating “day,” “night,” or using the time of day characteristics given in Table 5.

Appendix A

LIST AND CRITERIA OF HAZARDOUS METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA

	Phenomenon	Characteristics of the phenomenon and criteria for acute illness
	Very strong wind	Wind speed (including gusts) 25 m/s or more, on the coast 35 m/s or more
	Hurricane wind (hurricane)	Wind speed (including gusts) 33 m/s or more (for continental stations)
		Sharp short-term (within several minutes, but not less than 1 minute) wind increase up to 25 m/s or more, on the coast 35 m/s or more
		A strong small-scale vortex with a vertical axis in the form of a column or funnel, directed from the cloud to the surface of the earth (water)
	Very heavy precipitation (very heavy rain, very heavy sleet, very heavy sleet)	Liquid or mixed precipitation with precipitation amounting to 50 mm or more in 12 hours or less
	Very heavy snow	Precipitation amount of 20 mm or more in 12 hours or less
	Prolonged heavy rains	Rain with short breaks (no more than 1 hour), with a precipitation amount of 100 or more over a period of 12 - 48 hours or 120 mm over a period of more than 2 but less than 3 days.
	Large hail	Hail with a diameter of 20 mm or more
	Heavy snowstorm	Snow transfer (including accompanied by snow falling from clouds) by wind with an average speed of 15 m/s or more (in coastal areas with an average speed of 25 m/s or more) and with visibility less than 500 m, lasting at least 12 hours
	Severe dust (sand) storm	Transfer of dust (sand) by wind with an average speed of 15 m/s or more and visibility of 500 m or less, lasting at least 12 hours
	Heavy ice and frost deposits	Diameter of ice deposits on the wires of the ice machine: ice - with a diameter of 20 mm or more, complex deposition and/or sticking of wet (freezing) snow - with a diameter of 35 mm or more frost - deposit diameter of at least 50 mm
	Severe frost	Night temperature values: Vladivostok -30ºС and below Southern regions of the region -35ºС and below Western regions of the region -40ºС and below Central regions of the region -43ºС and below Eastern regions of the region -35ºС and below
	Abnormally cold weather	During the period from October to March, for at least 5 days, the average daily air temperature is 7ºC or more below the climate norm
	Heatwave	During 3 days the air temperature was observed: Vladivostok +33ºС and above Southern regions of the region +35ºС and above Western regions of the region +37ºС and above Central regions of the region +37ºС and above Eastern regions of the region +37ºС and above
	Abnormally hot weather	During the period from April to September, for 5 days or more, the average daily air temperature is 7ºC or more above the climate norm
	Extreme fire danger	The fire danger indicator is class 5 (10,000 ºС or more according to Nesterov’s formula)
	Frost	A decrease in air or soil surface temperature to below 0 degrees against the background of positive average daily temperatures during the active growing season or harvesting of crops, leading to their damage.
	Heavy fog (heavy haze)	Visibility 50m or less and duration 12 hours or more
Combinations of meteorological phenomena related to OH
	Combination of phenomena		Characteristics of the phenomenon and criteria for acute illness
	Heavy rain during strong wind		The amount of rain that fell was 35-49 mm in 12 hours or less with a wind of 20-24 m/s, on the coast 28-34 m/s
	Heavy snow with ice and frost deposits		The amount of snow is 14-19 mm in 12 hours or less and ice-frost deposits with a diameter of 17 - 25 mm.
	Low temperature air in strong winds (for Vladivostok)		Air temperature -25ºС and below with a wind of 20 m/s or more

Terms used in long-range weather forecasts

Long-term weather forecast - forecast for a period from 30 days to 2 years. Long-range weather forecasts include monthly weather forecast .

Monthly weather forecast contains the expected values of the anomaly of the average monthly air temperature (normal, above normal, below normal) and precipitation amount (normal, above normal, below normal) and the expected value of the average monthly air temperature for the territory of the region, region, district, etc.

The text of the weather forecast indicates the following characteristics:

Air temperature anomaly in the range of 1ºС in gradations:

0…+1 and 0…-1 - normal (near normal);

1…+2 and +2…+3 - above normal;

>+3 - extremely warm (above normal by more than 3ºС)

1…-2 and -2…-3 - below normal;

<-3 - экстремально-холодный (ниже нормы более чем на 3ºС).

The expected anomaly of the average long-term monthly precipitation is predicted in three gradations:

80-120% is normal (near normal);

< 80% - less than normal;

>120% is more than normal.

Climatic norm (norm ) - one or another climate characteristic, statistically obtained from a long-term series of observations. Most often this is a long-term average value; for example, the average monthly or annual precipitation calculated from materials over a number of years, or the average daily, monthly, annual temperature air also according to long-term observations.

Terminology used in short-term weather forecasts general purpose and storm warnings
(in accordance with the Guiding document RD 52.27.724-2009 "Manual on short-term weather forecasts for general purposes")

Short-term general purpose weather forecasts indicate the following meteorological quantities (elements): cloudiness, precipitation, wind direction and speed, minimum air temperature at night and maximum temperature during the day (in ˚C), as well as weather phenomena. In table Tables 1–5 show the terms used in forecasts for various meteorological quantities (elements), weather phenomena and their corresponding quantitative characteristics.

To take into account the specifics of the expected synoptic process and/or the influence of regional characteristics of the territory for which the forecast is being compiled, if the predicted meteorological values and weather phenomena in individual parts of the territory differ significantly, it is carried out by detailing the forecast, using additional gradations. To identify individual parts of the territory, characteristics are used geographical location(west, south, northern half, central regions, right bank, coastal areas, suburbs, etc.), as well as terrain features (low places, lowlands, valleys, foothills, passes, mountains, etc.).

Detailing the forecast by territory or location using additional gradation and the terms “in certain areas” or “in places” is allowed, as a rule, if there is an influence (impact) atmospheric processes(phenomena) of mesometeorological scale:

Rainfall, thunderstorms, hail, squalls associated with the development of intense convection;

Fogs and air temperatures (including frosts in the air and on the ground), caused by the influence of terrain features or radiation factors (influx solar radiation into the atmosphere and onto the earth's surface, its absorption, scattering, reflection, and own radiation earth's surface and atmosphere).

In order to take into account the influence of radiation factors, it is allowed to detail the air temperature forecast using additional gradation and the terms “during clearing”, “during the inflow of clouds”.

The use of the terms “in places” or “in certain areas (points)” in a weather forecast implies that the expected weather phenomenon or the value of a meteorological quantity will be confirmed by observational data of no more than 50% of meteorological observation units located in the territory for which the forecast is compiled.

Terms used in cloud forecasts

Table 1

	Number of clouds in points
Clear, clear weather, partly cloudy, partly cloudy, partly cloudy, sunny	Up to 3 points of cloudiness in the middle and/or lower tier or any amount of cloudiness in the upper tier
Partly cloudy	From 1-3 to 4-7 points of the lower and/or middle tier
Partly cloudy, partly cloudy	4-7 points of low and/or middle level cloudiness or a combination of middle and lower level cloudiness with a total of up to 7 points
Cloudy, cloudy weather, significant cloudiness, cloudy, cloudy weather	8-10 points of low-level cloudiness or dense, opaque forms of middle-level clouds

If a significant change in the amount of cloudiness is expected within half a day, then it is allowed to use two characteristics from the terminology given in Table 1, as well as use the words “decrease” or “increase”. For example: Partly cloudy in the morning, cloudiness increases to significant in the afternoon.

Terms used in precipitation forecasts

In weather forecasts and storm warnings, terms are used that characterize the absence or presence of precipitation; if precipitation is present, its type (phase state), quantity, duration (recommended, but not required). The terms and corresponding quantitative values for liquid and mixed precipitation are given in Table. 2a, for solid precipitation - in table. 2b.

Table 2a

	Amount of precipitation, mm/12 hours
No precipitation, dry weather
light rain, light rain, drizzle, drizzle, light precipitation
Rain, rainy weather, precipitation, sleet, sleet; snow turning to rain; rain turning to snow
Heavy rain, torrential rain (shower), heavy precipitation, heavy sleet, heavy sleet, heavy snow and sleet Same for mudflow-prone areas
Very heavy rain, very heavy precipitation (very heavy sleet, very heavy sleet, very heavy sleet) Same for mudflow-prone areas Same for Black Sea coast Caucasus Heavy rain (heavy showers) The same for the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus	≥30 mm over a period of ≤ 1 hour ≥50 mm for a period ≤ 1 hour

Table 2b

	Amount of precipitation, mm/12 hours
No precipitation, dry weather
Light snow, light snow
Snow, snowfall
Heavy snow, heavy snowfall
Very heavy snow, very heavy snow

For a more detailed description of the expected distribution of precipitation over the territory, it is recommended to use additional (usually neighboring) gradations of precipitation in the forecast; the use of the terms “in certain areas” and “in places” is also allowed.
For example: In the afternoon, thunderstorms and heavy downpours are expected across the region.

To characterize the type of precipitation (liquid, solid, mixed), the following terms are used: “rain”, “snow”, “precipitation”. The term “precipitation” can only be used with the obligatory addition of one of the terms given in Table. 3.

Table 3

	Characteristics of mixed precipitation
Rain with snow	Rain and snow at the same time, but rain prevails
Wet snow	Snow and rain at the same time, but snow predominates; melting snow
Snow turning to rain	Snow expected first, then rain
Rain turning to snow	Rain expected first, then snow
Snow and rain (rain and snow)	Alternation of snow and rain with a predominance of snow (rain)

For a qualitative description of the duration of precipitation, it is recommended to use the terms given in Table. 4.

Table 4

If the forecasts indicate “partly cloudy” or “partly cloudy weather,” then the term “no precipitation” is permitted not to be used.

Terms used in wind forecasts

Weather forecasts and storm warnings indicate wind direction and speed. It is allowed to use detailed forecasts of wind characteristics (direction, speed) for parts of the territory. The direction of the wind is indicated in the quarters of the horizon (from where the wind blows): northeast, south, southwest, etc.). If within half a day a change in wind direction is expected within two adjacent quarters of the horizon, then the two adjacent quarters are indicated; if the wind direction is expected to change more than two quarters of the horizon, then the term “with transition” is used. N For example: 1. The wind is southeast, south.

2. The wind is south changing to northwest.

Weather forecasts and storm warnings indicate the maximum gust speed in meters per second (hereinafter referred to as the maximum wind speed) or the maximum average wind speed if gusts are not expected.

Note: maximum average speed wind speed is the highest average wind speed expected in any 10-minute time interval during the forecast or storm warning period.

In weather forecasts and storm warnings, wind speed is indicated in gradations with intervals of no more than 5 m/s. In case of weak wind (speed ≤5 m/s), it is allowed not to indicate the direction or to use the term “weak, variable directions”.

If the wind speed is expected to change significantly over the course of half a day, then an indication of these changes is formulated using the terms “weakening” or “increasing” with the addition of the time of day characteristic.

N For example: South wind 3-8 m/s with an increase in the afternoon to 20 m/s (i.e. maximum wind speed with gusts will reach 15-20 m/s).

When forecasting a squall, the wind direction is not specified. It is recommended to use the terms “squally wind up to .... m/s" or "squall up to ... m/s" indicating the maximum wind speed.
For example: during a thunderstorm, a squally increase in wind up to 20-25 m/s (or a squall up to 25 m/s).

In weather forecasts, in addition to the quantitative value of wind speed, its qualitative characteristics can be used in accordance with Table 5.

Table 5

If the predicted wind speed interval can be characterized by two qualitative characteristics, then the characteristic for the upper limit of the interval is used.

For example: wind with a predicted speed of 12-17 m/s has a qualitative characteristic"strong" , because 17 m/s is included in the speed range 15-24 m/s.

Terms used in weather forecasts

Weather forecasts must include the following expected weather phenomena: precipitation (rain, snow), thunderstorm, hail, squall, fog, ice, frost, sticking (deposition) of wet snow on wire(s) and trees, drifting snow, blizzard , dust (sand) storm, as well as icy conditions on the roads and snow drifts on the roads.

In weather forecasts, the term “strong”, and for precipitation “very strong”, is used if it is expected that the intensity of the phenomenon will reach the OJ criteria. In other cases, the characteristics of the intensity of the phenomena (“weak” or “moderate”), with the exception of the intensity of precipitation, are allowed not to be indicated.

When a squall is forecast, the maximum wind speed is indicated.

In forecasts of weather phenomena, if necessary, the terms “intensification”, “weakening”, “cessation” are used, indicating the time of day.

Terms used in air temperature forecasts

Weather forecasts indicate the minimum air temperature at night and the maximum air temperature during the day, or a change in air temperature with an abnormal change of 5˚ or more in half a day.
The expected minimum and maximum air temperatures are indicated in gradations in the interval for the point 2˚, and for the territory - 5˚. In forecasts of air temperature for a point or for a separate part of the territory, it is allowed to indicate the air temperature in one number (for a point - using the preposition “about”, and for part of the territory - using the preposition “to”). In the first case, we mean the middle of the predicted temperature interval for the point, in the second case, its maximum value for the specified part of the territory.

For example: 1. In the west of the territory the temperature was predicted to reach 20˚. This means that the temperature is expected to be 15...20˚.

2. The temperature in the city is predicted to be about 20°. This means that the temperature in the city is expected to be 19...21°

If the expected temperature distribution over the territory does not fit into the interval equal to 5˚, then it is recommended to apply additional temperature gradations using a detailed temperature forecast for parts of the territory. In this case, the forecast should indicate the areas where these air temperature deviations are expected (or the conditions under which they will be observed, for example, “with clearing”).
For example: Temperature at night 1...6˚, during clearing (or in northern regions) to -2˚.

If an abnormal variation in air temperature is expected, then its highest (lowest) value is indicated, indicating the time period of the day when it is forecast.

For example: Temperature in the evening -10...-12°, by morning the temperature rises to -2°.

When using the terms “increase” (“warming”) or “decrease” (“cooling”), “intensification (“weakening”) of frost (heat),” the predicted temperature value can be indicated in one number with the preposition “to.”

If, during the period of active growing season of agricultural crops or harvesting, the predicted air temperature range includes values below 0˚, then the weather forecast negative values air temperatures are indicated with the addition of the term “frost”. The term "frost" is also applied if temperatures below 0˚ are expected at the soil surface.

For example: 1. With the expected air temperature at night from -2 to +3˚, the temperature forecast is formulated as follows: temperature 0...3°, in places (in the east, north, in low places) frosts up to -2°.

2. If the expected air temperature is from 0 to 5° and the soil temperature is below 0°, the forecast is formulated as follows: temperature 0...5°, in places (in the east, north, in low places) frosts down to -2°.

If the maximum (minimum) temperature value is expected in OC gradations, then the term “extreme heat” (“severe frost”) is used in the forecast.

Definitions

Dangerous meteorological phenomena ( OY): natural processes and phenomena occurring in the atmosphere and/or near the surface of the Earth, which, due to their intensity (strength), scale of distribution and duration, have or may have a damaging effect on people, farm animals and plants, economic objects and the environment.

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