Presentation "The impact of environmental factors on the human body." Presentation on the topic "ecological environmental factors and their impact on the body" Presentation ecology environmental factors
Temperature. Any organism can live only within a certain temperature range. Somewhere within this interval temperature conditions most favorable for the existence of a given organism. As the temperature approaches the boundaries of the interval, the speed of life processes slows down and, finally, they stop altogether - the organism dies.
For most of its history, wildlife was represented exclusively by aquatic forms of organisms. Having conquered land, they nevertheless did not lose their dependence on water. Water is integral part a significant majority of living beings: it is necessary for their normal functioning. A normally developing organism constantly loses water and therefore cannot live in completely dry air. Sooner or later, such losses can lead to the death of the body. Water
Plants extract water using their roots. Lichens can capture water vapor from the air. Plants have a number of adaptations that ensure minimal water loss. All land animals need periodic supply of water to compensate for the loss of water. Many animals drink water; others, for example, amphibians, absorb it through the integument of the body. Most of never drinks desert animals.
The so-called secondary climatic factors, for example the wind, Atmosphere pressure, height above sea level. Wind has an indirect effect: by increasing evaporation, it increases dryness. This action is important in cold places, high mountains or polar regions.
General laws of the action of environmental factors on the body The law of optimum (Latin optimum - “best”) reflects the reaction of species to changes in the strength of action of any factor. There are certain limits to the action of each factor, within which the viability of organisms increases. This is the optimum zone. With deviations from this zone in the direction of decreasing or increasing the strength of the factor’s influence, the viability of organisms decreases. This is a zone of oppression, or pessimum (Latin pessimus - “very bad”). If the effect of the factor goes beyond certain, minimum or maximum limits possible for the species, the organisms die. The destructive value of a factor is called a critical point.
The law of optimum has a large practical significance. There are no entirely positive or negative factors, it all depends on their dosage. All forms of environmental influence on organisms have a purely quantitative expression. To manage the life activity of a species, one should first of all prevent various environmental factors from exceeding their critical values and try to maintain the optimum zone. This is very important for crop production, livestock farming, forestry and, in general, all areas of the relationship between man and living nature. The same rule applies to the person himself, especially in the field of medicine.
The use of the law of optimum is complicated by the fact that for each type the optimal dosages of factors are different. What is good for one species may be pessimistic or beyond critical limits for another. For example, at a temperature of 20°C, a tropical monkey shivers from the cold, and northern inhabitant- polar bear - languishing from the heat. Winter moth butterflies are still fluttering in November (at a temperature of 6°C), when most other insects fall into torpor. Rice is grown in fields flooded with water, and wheat gets wet and dies in such conditions.
The law of ecological individuality of species reflects the diversity of relationships of organisms with the environment. It indicates that in nature there are no two species with complete coincidence of optima and critical points in relation to a set of environmental factors. If species coincide in resistance to one factor, they will certainly diverge in resistance to another. Ignorance of the law of ecological individuality of species, for example in agricultural production, can lead to the death of organisms. When using mineral fertilizers and pesticides, these substances are often added in excess quantities, regardless of the individual needs of the plants.
Law of the limiting factor The law of the limiting factor is closely related to the law of optimum and follows from it. There are no entirely negative or positive factors in the environment: everything depends on the strength of their action. Living beings are simultaneously affected by many factors, and most of them are changeable. But in each specific period of time we can highlight the most main factor, on which life most depends. It turns out to be the environmental factor that most strongly deviates from the optimum, i.e. limits the life activity of organisms during this period. Any factor influencing organisms can become either optimal or limiting, depending on the strength of its impact.
The law of factor indispensability indicates that one factor cannot be completely replaced by another. But often, with the complex influence of factors, one can see a substitution effect. For example, light cannot be replaced by excess heat or carbon dioxide, but by changing temperature, photosynthesis can be enhanced in plants. However, this is not the replacement of one factor by another, but the manifestation of a similar biological effect caused by changes in the quantitative indicators of the combined action of factors. This phenomenon is widely used in agriculture. For example, in greenhouses to obtain products, they create an increased content of carbon dioxide and moisture in the air, heating and thus partly compensate for the lack of light in autumn and winter.
In the action of environmental factors on the planet, there is a periodicity associated with the time of day, seasons of the year, sea tides and phases of the Moon. This periodicity is due to cosmic reasons - the movement of the Earth around its axis, around the Sun and interaction with the Moon. Life on Earth is adapted to this constantly existing rhythm, which is manifested in changes in the state and behavior of organisms.
The length of daylight hours is the only precise signal the approach of winter or spring, i.e. changes in the whole complex of factors external environment. Weather conditions are deceiving. Therefore, plants, for example, reacting to the length of the day, do not bloom their leaves during winter thaws and do not switch to leaf fall during short-term summer frosts. Plants also bloom at a certain day length. Plant flowering is one of the manifestations of photoperiodism. Plant growers often encounter this. Therefore, among plants it is important to distinguish between short-day and long-day species or varieties. Long-day plants are distributed mainly in temperate and subpolar latitudes, and short-day ones - in areas closer to the equator.
Questions 1. What are environmental factors? 2. What groups are environmental factors divided into? 3. What are environmental conditions called? 4. What is the essence of the law of optimum? What significance does it have? 5. Why is it necessary to take into account the law of ecological individuality of species? 6. What factor is called limiting? 7. What is the essence of the law of joint action of factors? 8. What is the substitution effect? 9. What is photoperiodism?
Ecology -
the science of the relationships of living organisms and their communities with each other and with the environment
The term " ecology"proposed in 1866 by E. Haeckel.
Objects ecology there may be populations of organisms, species, communities, ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole
Ecological tasks
Studies the impact environment on plants and animals, populations, species and ecosystems
Studies the structure of the population and their numbers
Studies the interaction of living organisms with each other
Studies the influence of environmental factors on humans
Studies the productivity of ecosystems
Biotic are types of influence on organisms from other animals
Biotic factors
Direct
Indirect
A predator eats its prey
One organism changes the environment of another organism
Anthropogenic factors –
These are forms of human activity that have an impact on wildlife(every year these factors increase
The influence of environmental factors on the body
Environmental factors constantly changing
Variability of factors
Regular, periodic (seasonal temperature changes, low tides)
Irregular
(weather change, flood, Forest fires)
The body is simultaneously influenced by numerous and varied factors.
Each species has its own limits of endurance
Wide range endurance Animals living in high latitudes are susceptible to temperature fluctuations. Thus, arctic foxes in the tundra can tolerate temperature fluctuations within 80 ° C
(from +30 to -45)
Lichens can withstand temperatures from
-70 to +60
Some species of oceanic fish are able to exist at temperatures from -2 to +2
EFFECT OF ECOLOGICAL FACTOR ON THE ORGANISM
Endurance Range
body
the value of the factor that is most favorable for the vital activity of growth and reproduction called the optimum zone
oppression
oppression
normal
vital activity
DEATH
DEATH
Between the optimum zone and extreme points there are zones of oppression or stress zones, what makes people's lives worse
The extreme value of the factor beyond which conditions become unsuitable for life and causes death - these are the limits of endurance
Liebig (Liebig), Justus, famous German chemist, 1803-73, professor of chemistry from 1824 in Giessen, from 1852 in Munich
Any human impact on living things
organisms, the entire environment - this
anthropogenic factors. They can be divided into
three groups.
First
factors that have a direct impacton the environment as a result of suddenly
starting,
intense
And
short-term activities.
For example: laying a road or railway through
taiga, seasonal commercial hunting in a certain area, etc.
Second
Indirect impact through economicactivities of a long-term nature and
low intensity.
For example: environmental pollution by gaseous and
liquid emissions from a plant built near a laid
railway without the necessary treatment facilities,
leading to gradual drying out of trees and slow
poisoning heavy metals animals inhabiting
the surrounding taiga.
Third
The complex impact of the above factors, leading toslow but significant changes in the environment (growth
population, increase in the number of domestic animals and animals,
accompanying human settlements - crows, rats, mice, etc.,
transformation of land, the appearance of impurities in water, etc.). IN
As a result, only plants and animals remain in the changed landscape,
managed to adapt to the new state of life.
For example: coniferous trees are replaced in the taiga by small-leaved
breeds The place of large ungulates and predators is taken by taiga
rodents and small mustelids that hunt them, etc.
Human impact on the environment
Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere;Discharges of pollutants into surface and underground
water bodies;
Contamination of subsoil, soils;
Disposal of industrial and consumer waste
Deforestation;
Anthropogenic factors
Physical:use atomic energy, travel on trains andairplanes, the influence of noise and vibration
Chemical: use of pesticides, contamination of shells
Lands with industrial and transport waste
Biological: food products, organisms for which humans
may be a habitat or food source
Social: related to relationships between people and life in society
Ingestion of pollutants into the human body
How to improve the health of the environment?
According to researchers, even the preservation of biologicaldiversity is not enough to ensure a healthy environment. She can
be unfavorable for a person's life under his previous
biodiversity, but strong radiation, chemical and other
types of pollution. There is an obvious connection between the health of nature and humans
and the degree of influence of anthropogenic factors. To reduce them
negative impact, it is necessary to form a new attitude towards
environment, responsibility for a prosperous existence
wildlife and biodiversity conservation.
The main organizational and technological methods of combating air pollution are as follows:
Reducing the number of power plants (TPP - thermal) due toconstruction of more powerful ones equipped with the latest systems
purification and disposal of gas and dust emissions;
Cleaning coal before it reaches thermal power plants;
Replacing coal and fuel oil at thermal power plants with environmentally friendly fuel - gas;
Regulation of internal combustion engines in cars,
installing special catalysts on them for
neutralization of carbon monoxide, replacing harmful ethyl gasoline,
air pollutant lead, which is less environmentally harmful.
Particular importance in cleansing atmospheric air It has
landscaping of cities and villages, in industrial zones.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Subject ecology Ecology is the science of the relationships of organisms with each other and with the surrounding environment (Greek oikos - dwelling; logos - science). The term was introduced in 1866 by the German zoologist E. Haeckel. Currently, ecology is a branched system of sciences: autecology studies relationships in communities; population ecology studies the relationships between individuals of the same species in populations, the influence of the environment on populations, the relationships between populations; Global ecology studies the biosphere and issues of its protection. Another approach in the ecology department: ecology of microorganisms, ecology of fungi, plant ecology, animal ecology, human ecology, space ecology.
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The objectives of ecology are to study the interrelationships of organisms; - study the relationships between organisms and the environment; - study the effect of the environment on the structure, vital activity and behavior of organisms; - trace the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of species and the change of communities; - develop a system of measures for nature protection.
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The meaning of ecology - helps to determine the place of man in nature; - provides knowledge of environmental patterns, which allows you to predict consequences economic activity human, to use correctly and rationally natural resources; - environmental knowledge is necessary for development Agriculture, medicine, for the development of environmental protection measures.
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Ecological methods observation comparison experiment mathematical modeling forecasting
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Principles of ecological classification Classification helps to identify possible ways of adaptation to the environment. Ecological classification can be based on various criteria: feeding methods, habitat, movement, attitude to temperature, humidity, pressure, light, etc.
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Classification of organisms according to the nature of nutrition 1. Autotrophs: 2. Heterotrophs: A). Phototrophs a) saprophytes B). Chemotrophs b) Holozoans: - saprophages - phytophages - zoophages - necrophages
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Autotrophs are organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones. Phototrophs are autotrophic organisms that use energy to synthesize organic substances. sunlight. Chemotrophs are autotrophic organisms that use chemical energy to synthesize organic substances; connections. Heterotrophs are organisms that feed on ready-made organic substances. Saprophytes are heterotrophs that use solutions of simple organic compounds. Holozoans are heterotrophs that possess a complex of enzymes and can consume complex organic compounds, decomposing them into simple ones: Saprophages feed on dead plant debris; Phytophagous consumers of living plants; Zoophagi eat living animals; Necrophages eat dead animals.
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History of ecology Big influence The development of ecology was influenced by: Aristotle (384-322 BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, the association of organisms with their habitats. C. Linnaeus (1707-1778) - Swedish naturalist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationships between organisms. J.B. Lamarck (1744-1829) - French naturalist, author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important causes of evolution. K. Roulier (1814-1858) - Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depends on the environment, emphasized the need to study evolution. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) - English naturalist, founder of the doctrine of evolution. E. Haeckel (1834-1919) German biologist, in 1866 he introduced the term ecology. C. Elton (1900) – English scientist – founder of population ecology. A. Tansley (1871-1955) English scientist, in 1935 introduced the concept of ecosystem. V.N. Sukachev (1880-1967) Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses. K.A. Timiryazev (1843-1920) - Russian scientist, devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis. V.V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903) - Russian soil scientist. V.I. Vernadsky (1863-1945) Russian scientist, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.
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Habitat Habitat is everything that surrounds and affects an individual. Environmental factors: abiotic – factors inanimate nature; biotic – factors of living nature; anthropogenic – associated with human activity. The following main habitats can be distinguished: aquatic, ground-air, soil, and organic.
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Aquatic environment B aquatic environment great importance have factors such as salt regime, water density, flow speed, oxygen saturation, soil properties. The inhabitants of water bodies are called hydrobionts, among them there are: neuston - organisms that live near the surface film of water; plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - suspended, “floating” in the water to the body; nekton - well-swimming inhabitants of the water column; benthos - bottom organisms.
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Soil environment Soil inhabitants are called edaphobionts, or geobionts; for them, structure, chemical composition and soil moisture.
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Ground-air environment For the inhabitants of the ground-air environment, the following are especially important: temperature, humidity, oxygen content, and illumination.
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Each organism constantly exchanges substances with the environment and itself changes the environment. Many organisms live in multiple habitats. The ability of organisms to adapt to certain environmental changes is called adaptation. But different organisms have different abilities to withstand changes in living conditions (for example, fluctuations in temperature, light, etc.), i.e. have different tolerances - a range of resistance. For example, there are: eurybionts - organisms with a wide range of tolerance, i.e. capable of living with different conditions environment (for example, carp); stenobionts are organisms with a narrow range of tolerance that require strictly defined environmental conditions (for example, trout).
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The intensity of the factor that is most favorable for the life of the body is called optimal. Environmental factors that negatively affect the life activity and complicate the existence of a species are called limiting. The German chemist J. Liebig (1803-1873) formulated the law of the minimum: the successful functioning of a population or community of living organisms depends on a set of conditions. A limiting or limiting factor is any state of the environment that approaches or goes beyond the stability limit for a given organism. The totality of all factors (conditions) and environmental resources within which a species can exist in nature is called its ecological niche. Describe fully ecological niche the body is very difficult, often impossible.
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Ecology subject
Ecology is the science of the relationships of organisms with each other and with the surrounding environment (Greek oikos - dwelling; logos - science). The term was introduced in 1866 by the German zoologist E. Haeckel. Currently, ecology is a branched system of sciences: autecology studies relationships in communities; population ecology studies the relationships between individuals of the same species in populations, the influence of the environment on populations, the relationships between populations; Global ecology studies the biosphere and issues of its protection. Another approach in the ecology department: ecology of microorganisms, ecology of fungi, plant ecology, animal ecology, human ecology, space ecology.
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Ecological tasks
Study the relationships between organisms; - study the relationships between organisms and the environment; - study the effect of the environment on the structure, vital activity and behavior of organisms; - trace the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of species and the change of communities; - develop a system of measures for nature protection.
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The importance of ecology
Helps determine man's place in nature; - provides knowledge of environmental patterns, which allows one to predict the consequences of human economic activity and to use natural resources correctly and rationally; - environmental knowledge is necessary for the development of agriculture, medicine, and for the development of environmental protection measures.
Slide 5
Ecological methods
observation comparison experiment mathematical modeling forecasting
Slide 6
Principles of environmental classification
Classification helps to identify possible ways of adaptation to the environment. Ecological classification can be based on various criteria: feeding methods, habitat, movement, attitude to temperature, humidity, pressure, light, etc.
Slide 7
Classification of organisms by nature of nutrition
1. Autotrophs: 2. Heterotrophs: A). Phototrophs a) saprophytes B). Chemotrophyb) holozoans: - saprophages - phytophages - zoophages - necrophages
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Autotrophs are organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones. Phototrophs are autotrophic organisms that use the energy of sunlight to synthesize organic substances. Chemotrophs are autotrophic organisms that use chemical energy to synthesize organic substances; connections. Heterotrophs are organisms that feed on ready-made organic substances. Saprophytes are heterotrophs that use solutions of simple organic compounds. Holozoans are heterotrophs that possess a complex of enzymes and can consume complex organic compounds, decomposing them into simple ones: Saprophages feed on dead plant debris; Phytophagous consumers of living plants; Zoophagi eat living animals; Necrophages eat dead animals.
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History of ecology
The development of ecology was greatly influenced by: Aristotle (384-322 BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, the association of organisms with their habitats. C. Linnaeus (1707-1778) - Swedish naturalist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationships between organisms. J.B. Lamarck (1744-1829) - French naturalist, author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important causes of evolution. K. Roulier (1814-1858) - Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depends on the environment, emphasized the need to study evolution. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) - English naturalist, founder of the doctrine of evolution. E. Haeckel (1834-1919) German biologist, in 1866 he introduced the term ecology. Ch. Elton (1900) - English scientist - founder of population ecology. A. Tansley (1871-1955) English scientist, in 1935 introduced the concept of ecosystem. V.N. Sukachev (1880-1967) Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses. K.A. Timiryazev (1843-1920) - Russian scientist, devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis. V.V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903) - Russian soil scientist. V.I. Vernadsky (1863-1945) Russian scientist, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.
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Habitat
Habitat is everything that surrounds an individual (population, community) and affects it. Environmental factors: abiotic – factors of inanimate nature; biotic factors of living nature; anthropogenic – associated with human activity. The following main habitats can be distinguished: aquatic, ground-air, soil, living organisms.
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Water environment
In the aquatic environment, factors such as salt regime, water density, flow speed, oxygen saturation, and soil properties are of great importance. The inhabitants of water bodies are called hydrobionts, among them there are: neuston - organisms that live near the surface film of water; plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - suspended, “floating” in the water to the body; nekton - well-swimming inhabitants of the water column; benthos - bottom organisms.
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Soil environment
Soil inhabitants are called edaphobionts, or geobionts; for them the structure, chemical composition and moisture of the soil are of great importance.
Slide 17
Ground-air environment
For inhabitants of the ground-air environment, the following are especially important: temperature, humidity, oxygen content, and illumination.
Slide 19
Each organism constantly exchanges substances with the environment and itself changes the environment. Many organisms live in multiple habitats. The ability of organisms to adapt to certain environmental changes is called adaptation. But different organisms have different abilities to withstand changes in living conditions (for example, fluctuations in temperature, light, etc.), i.e. have different tolerances - a range of resistance. For example, there are: eurybionts - organisms with a wide range of tolerance, i.e. capable of living under different environmental conditions (for example, carp); stenobionts are organisms with a narrow range of tolerance that require strictly defined environmental conditions (for example, trout).
Slide 20
The intensity of the factor that is most favorable for the life of the body is called optimal. Environmental factors that negatively affect the life activity and complicate the existence of a species are called limiting. The German chemist J. Liebig (1803-1873) formulated the law of the minimum: the successful functioning of a population or community of living organisms depends on a set of conditions. A limiting or limiting factor is any state of the environment that approaches or goes beyond the stability limit for a given organism. The totality of all factors (conditions) and environmental resources within which a species can exist in nature is called its ecological niche. It is very difficult, often impossible, to fully characterize the ecological niche of an organism.
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Adaptations to the environment
Adaptations can be morphological, physiological and behavioral.
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Morphological adaptations
Morphological adaptations manifest themselves in changes in the shape and structure of organisms. For example, the development of thick and long fur in mammals when they are raised under low temperatures; Mimicry is the imitation of one species by another in color and shape. Often general features structures are endowed by organisms with different evolutionary origins. Convergence is a convergence of characteristics (similarity in structure) that arose under the influence of relatively identical conditions of existence in different organisms. For example, the shape of the body and limbs of a shark and a dolphin.
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Physiological adaptations
Physiological adaptations manifest themselves in changes in the vital processes of the body, for example, the ability for thermoregulation in endothermic (warm-blooded) animals that are able to obtain heat through biochemical reactions
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Behavioral adaptations
Behavioral adaptations are often associated with physiological ones, for example, suspended animation, migration.
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Many adaptations have been developed in organisms under the influence of seasonal and daily rhythms, for example leaf fall, night and daytime look life. The reaction of organisms to the length of daylight hours, which has developed in connection with seasonal changes, is called photoperiodism. Under the influence of environmental rhythms, organisms have developed a kind of “biological clock” that provides orientation in time and preparation for expected changes. For example, flowers bloom at a time when it is usually observed optimal humidity, illumination and other conditions for pollination: poppy - from 5 to 14-15 hours; dandelion - from 5-6 to 14-15 hours; calendula - from 9 to 16-18 hours; rose hips - from 4-5 to 19-20 hours.
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