PROJECT

PROTECTION AND RESTORATION OF WATER RESOURCES

MBOU secondary school No. 10 8 “A” class

Head: Shardykova Irina

Mikhailovna, teacher of biology and ecology

2013

INTRODUCTION

Relevance

Our earth is a unique planet in the Universe, our only home. The ecology of the Earth is suffering more and more every day. New factories are being built, more and more cars are appearing on the roads, rockets and satellites are being launched. This leads to air pollution, global warming As glaciers melt, ozone holes appear. Entire species of animals are becoming extinct due to deforestation. Many aquatic mammals and fish have long been endangered due to pollution of water bodies, because many motorists wash their cars in natural sources using household chemicals.

In big cities, people suffer from respiratory diseases

due to poor environment. Outside the city limits, heaps of garbage are growing because bags and bottles are not recycled but thrown away. To protect our Earth from destruction, everyone must start with themselves. First of all, there must be a careful attitude towards nature, the plants that give us air. You should not pollute cities with small garbage, which is not difficult to carry to the trash bin.

If we characterize the current state of the nature around us and compare it with what we would like to have, I think that the conclusion will be this: “What we have is clearly different from what we want.” And if everyone looks into themselves and remembers how much harm they have caused to nature, and after that tries to be wiser and more caring, then our green Planet will exist hundreds of years longer along with our descendants.

Many students of our school have looked into themselves and now for many years they have been trying to make our village cleaner and more elegant, taking part in various environmental events: “Let's help the river”, “Plant a tree”, “Take care of the primroses”, “We are cleaning the Trinity necropolis”, “Our love and care for the birds”, “Feed the birds in winter”, “One leaf, two leaves” and many others.

SELECTING A PROBLEM

Environmental problems have always been and will be in the center of our attention as the most important. 2013 in Russia is officially declared the year of protection environment. My comrades and I are active participants in all environmental actions in our area. Approaching beach season. A massive appearance of urban residents on the shores of reservoirs in our village was expected, so we decided to develop a project to prevent pollution of the shores of reservoirs by vacationers. Since not all adults have the right level of environmental awareness, our project also involved cleaning the banks of reservoirs from household waste.

I was chosen as the project coordinator because I have experience working in environmental areas on a regional scale.

To implement the project, the following goals and objectives were set:

TARGET: formation ecological culture among students and the adult population of the village.

TASKS:

Promoting environmental culture among the younger generation and the adult population of the village through practical activities to clean up water bodies;

Development of students' organizational abilities;

-increasing the level of public interest in protecting and preserving the natural environment.

STEPS OF WORK

I .Preparatory:

Studying relevant literature to produce leaflets.

II .Basic:

Study of the ecological state of the village’s water bodies;
- conducting a survey of students and residents of the village;

Carrying out activities aimed at improving the ecological condition of the village’s water bodies.

III.Final:

- summarizing;

The discussion of the results.

WORKING METHODS

1. Questionnaire.

2.Statistical data processing.

3.Observation.

FORMS OF WORK

To achieve the desired result, the following forms of work were used:

1. Issue of leaflets.

2. Collective labor activity of putting up leaflets.

3. Collective labor activities to clean up local water bodies.

EXPECTED RESULT

1. Uniting the children's team.

2. Careful attitude towards surrounding nature the younger generation and the adult population of the village.

IMPLEMENTATION TIMELINE

INFORMATION COLLECTION AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

I stage:

At the first stage of our project, everyone was given the task of publishing as many leaflets as possible calling for cleanliness in recreation areas on water bodies and about the harmful effects of garbage on the environment. We studied the relevant literature and published leaflets, posting them in all the entrances of houses. Everyone was active, there were a lot of leaflets. We hoped that the residents would think about these wonderful lines:
“Nature will forgive a lot,
But there is a limit where, without forgiving,
She will take severe revenge
While dying herself..."

II stage:

At the next stage, students shared how they could solve this problem, what methods and approaches to use. To effectively study this problem, the project participants divided into groups: sociologists conducted a survey of the population, “passport specialists” began certifying garbage dumps on the banks of reservoirs. In each group, the guys evenly distributed roles, each was responsible for their part of the work.

A survey of school students and the adult population of the village was conducted on the following questions:

1. How do you assess the ecological condition of the shores of the village’s reservoirs?

Fine

Satisfactorily

Unsatisfactory

2.Who should be responsible for the decision environmental problems?

Residents

City government

Utility services

Other

(diagrams in Appendix 1)

Previously, we approached local authorities with a request to install garbage containers on the beaches. Containers were installed, but not all vacationers cleaned up their trash. Were like household waste, and broken glass.

We took part in actions to clean the banks of reservoirs in places where vacationers gather: the Burtsevsky quarry, lake No. 115, and the Teplushka River. (Appendix 2). In the Teplushka River, residents of our village and townspeople wash carpets and rugs, throwing boxes of washing powder right on the shore.

Parallel this project We took part in the interregional Internet network project “We must live on this land.” The novelty of the project was the use of information computer technology. Using new technologies that are exciting for our generation, the project allowed us to do what we love and at the same time benefit the world around us.

Project goals:

1. Identify environmental problems in our village.

2. Identify one of the most relevant ones.

3. Find out the history of this problem.

4. Find out what has already been done to solve this problem.

5. Outline ways to solve the problem.

Problems of our village:

1. The problem of water pollution.

2.The problem of air pollution.

3. The problem of micro-landfill formation.

We found that the main sources of water pollution are:

1. Insufficiently treated wastewater from industrial and municipal enterprises.

2. Residents of the village.

We have planned ways to solve the problem:

Ways to solve the problem

The advantages of this

problem solving (+)

Flaws this decision Problems (-)

1. Carrying out measures to improve water health

Water purification

______________

2. Creation of a headquarters, which includes representatives public organizations and municipal authorities

The unification of public organizations and authorities will provide more opportunities to solve the problem

Reluctance of public organizations to work as part of the headquarters

3. Promoting respect for water bodies among the population

Participation of school students and their parents and teachers in events

_______________

On October 17, our class again took part in cleaning the shore of lake No. 115 on the territory of our village as part of the All-Russian environmental practical lesson (Appendix 3).

III stage:

At this stage of the project, we jointly discussed the activities carried out and added conclusions and suggestions. After discussions, we chose the most acceptable ones from a large number of proposals and put forward ways to solve the problem:

1. Elimination of garbage in unauthorized landfills on the banks of water bodies (by students).

2.Control by the village administration over the process of garbage removal from the banks of reservoirs.

3. Setting fines for violations.

4.Hanging posters on environmental issues in places where landfills may appear (by students).

We collected a lot of garbage and stored it in places for removal in agreement with the village administration. Summing up, we were pleased with the result. The results of the design research were presented in the form of a presentation.

PERFORMANCE

We all worked as a close-knit team. The result was not long in coming. The banks of the reservoirs are now clean. It's nice to take a walk admiring the views of the lake. You never get tired of looking at water, and even more so when it’s clean.

MANAGEMENT AND PERSONNEL

The following took part in the implementation of the project:

Students in grades 6-8.

School teachers and counselors.

BUDGET

The project did not require any special financial costs. Materials available at school were used: paints, sketchbook, pencils, glue, garbage bags, mittens.

CONCLUSION

The project has been implemented, but we know that we will continue to work to maintain cleanliness on the banks of reservoirs outside of its framework.

Man can save nature! There would be a desire! More than a hundred years ago, the American philosopher G. Thoreau rightly noted: “Only that dawn rises to which we ourselves have awakened.” The time has come for the ecological dawn. It depends on all of us as a whole and on each individual whether the song of the nightingale will sound, whether the transparent springs will breathe coolness, and whether the fish will splash in clean water rivers and lakes, will there be a blue sky above us?

So let's make our lives better, and the planet even more beautiful, because life in natural balance brings happiness!

APPLICATION

Annex 1.

Appendix 2.

June 2013. Shore of the Burtsevsky quarry.

Appendix 3.

Lake shore No. 115 before cleaning

While cleaning

Garbage storage

After cleaning

The hydrosphere includes all the bodies of water on our planet, as well as groundwater, atmospheric vapors and gases, glaciers. These sources are necessary for nature to support life. Now the water quality has deteriorated significantly due to anthropogenic activities. Because of this, we talk about many global problems of the hydrosphere:

• chemical water pollution;
• pollution by garbage and waste;
• destruction of flora and fauna living in water bodies;
• oil pollution of water;

All these problems are caused by poor quality and insufficient quantity of water on the planet. Although most of the surface of the earth, namely 70.8% is covered with water, is not enough for all people drinking water. The fact is that the water of the seas and oceans is too salty and unsuitable for drinking. For this, water from fresh lakes and underground sources is used. Of the world's water reserves, only 1% is found in fresh water bodies. In theory, another 2% of the water that is solid in glaciers is suitable for drinking if it is thawed and purified.

Use of water in industry

Main problems water resources are that they are widely used in industry: metallurgy and mechanical engineering, energy and Food Industry, V agriculture and chemical industry. Used water is often no longer suitable for further use. Of course, when enterprises drain it, they do not clean it up, so agricultural and industrial wastewater ends up in the World Ocean.

One of the problems of water resources is its use in public utilities. Not all countries have access to water, and pipelines leave much to be desired. As for sewage and wastewater, they are directly discharged into water bodies without treatment.

Relevance of water protection

To solve many problems, it is necessary to protect water resources. This is carried out on state level, but also ordinary people can contribute:

• reduce water consumption in industry;
• use water resources rationally;
• purify contaminated water (industrial and domestic wastewater);
• clean up water areas;
• eliminate the consequences of accidents that pollute water bodies;
• save water in everyday use;
• Do not leave water taps open.

These are the actions to protect water that will help keep our planet blue (from water), and, therefore, ensure the maintenance of life on earth.

Cleanliness of water bodies: pollution, self-purification, protection

Introduction

At all times, water was considered the invaluable moisture of life. And although those years are far behind us when we had to take it from rivers, ponds, lakes and carry it several kilometers to the house on rocker arms, trying not to spill a drop, people still treat water with care, caring about the cleanliness of natural reservoirs, about the good condition of wells, pumps, water supply systems. In connection with the constantly growing needs of industry and agriculture for fresh water, the problem of preserving existing water resources arises with all severity. After all, water suitable for human needs, as statistics show, not so much on Globe. It is known that more than 70% of the Earth's surface is covered with water. About 95% of it comes from the seas and oceans, 4% from the ice of the Arctic and Antarctic, and only 1% is fresh water from rivers and lakes. Significant sources of water are found underground, sometimes at great depths.

About 4.5 thousand km3 - a sea of ​​water - is the annual flow of our rivers. However, water resources are distributed unevenly across the country. Consumers, using water, pollute it, this gradually leads to the depletion of clean fresh water and the need to take measures to protect it. Such water use, without affecting the quantity of water, significantly affects its quality. The party and government pay great attention to issues of nature conservation and the rational use of its resources, including water. This is evidenced by such laws on nature protection adopted in the USSR as “Fundamentals of water legislation of the USSR and Union Republics”, the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On additional measures to ensure rational use and preservation of the natural resources of the Lake Baikal basin" (1971).

IN last years Many powerful wastewater treatment plants have been put into operation, the efficiency of treating wastewater discharged into water bodies has been increased, and the responsibility of economic authorities has increased. A difficult task, requiring billions of dollars in expenditure, was the protection of the river. Volga and Ural, lake. Baikal and our other reservoirs from industrial pollution. Water in our country is a national property, and care for it should be popular and constant. Not only the development of industrial and agricultural production, but also the life and health of Soviet people today and in the future depends on the rational use of water resources, on a careful, economical attitude towards them. Our country - world leader in scale and the pace of water management construction, the creator of a comprehensive sanitary-epidemiological service and public health care, its preventive direction. The most important property of water is its continuous circulation. It looks like there are two circles - horizontal and vertical. Water exchange in the horizontal direction is carried out sea ​​currents and rivers. The mighty ocean current alone, the Gulf Stream, carries thousands of kilometers from south to north 25 times per year. more water than all the rivers on land.

The vertical circulation is made up of evaporation from the surface of oceans, seas, lakes and atmospheric precipitation falling on both the water surface and land. The energy of the sun's rays causes the oceans to release 355 thousand km3 of water to the atmosphere per year. Only 1/10 of this amount falls over land as rain or snow, the rest returns back to the oceans. But the entire life of the continents is largely determined by these precipitations. Huge volumes of water allow living organisms to pass through, using it for life processes. Not a single life process in the human or animal body can take place without water and not a single cell can do without aquatic environment. Almost all functions of the body occur with the participation of water. Thus, evaporating from the surface of the skin and respiratory organs, water takes part in thermoregulation processes.

But I need water Of course, not only for drinking: it also helps to keep a person’s home and environment clean. Water is the best hygienic product for facial skin care. When washing, the cells of the stratum corneum of the skin swell and are rejected along with the dust, dirt, grease, and sweat residues that have settled on them. Patting and stroking your face while washing enhances the cleansing effect of water. At the same time, blood circulation increases, metabolism increases, nutrition and skin tone improve. Water in the human body is both a medium and a direct participant in physiological and biochemical reactions. With water, various substances formed as a result of metabolism are released from the body. Imagine that such polluted water directly from a river or lake is used for drinking. Pathogens entering the human intestine find favorable conditions for reproduction there, resulting in acute intestinal disease. Since a large number of people usually use one source of water supply, the route of spread of the disease through water is the most widespread, and therefore the most dangerous.

Self-purification of reservoirs

The most interesting natural phenomena are the ability of reservoirs to self-purify and the establishment of so-called biological equilibrium in them. It is ensured by the combined activity of the organisms inhabiting them: bacteria, algae and higher aquatic plants, various invertebrate animals. Therefore, one of the most important environmental tasks is to maintain this ability.

Every body of water is complex living system where plants and specific organisms live, including microorganisms that constantly multiply and die. If bacteria or chemical impurities enter a reservoir, then in pristine nature the process of self-purification proceeds quickly and the water restores its original purity. The factors of self-purification of reservoirs are numerous and diverse. Conventionally, they can be divided into three groups: physical, chemical and biological. An important physical factor in the self-purification of reservoirs is ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Under the influence of this radiation, water is disinfected. The disinfection effect is based on the direct destructive effect of ultraviolet rays on protein colloids and enzymes of the protoplasm of microbial cells. Ultraviolet radiation can affect not only ordinary bacteria, but also spore organisms and viruses.

Among the chemical factors of self-purification of reservoirs, oxidation of organic and inorganic substances should be noted. The self-purification of a reservoir is often assessed in relation to easily oxidized organic matter (determined by biochemical oxygen demand - BOD) or by the total content of organic substances (determined by chemical oxygen demand - COD.
The process of self-purification of the reservoir involves algae, mold and yeast. Bivalves- permanent inhabitants of reservoirs - are orderlies rec. By passing water through themselves, they filter out suspended particles. The smallest animals and plants, as well as organic debris, enter the digestive system; inedible substances settle on the mucus layer covering the surface of the bivalves’ mantle. As the mucus gets dirty, it moves to the end of the sink and is thrown into the water. Its lumps represent a complex concentrate for feeding microorganisms. They complete the chain of biological water purification.

Sources of pollution

The main cause of pollution of water sources is the discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater into water bodies by industrial enterprises, as well as municipal and agricultural enterprises. Pollution of water sources also contributes to unsustainable agricultural practices: residues of fertilizers and pesticides washed out of the soil end up in water bodies and pollute them. Although water losses in many industrial processes (due to evaporation and leakage) are small, in total industrial enterprises consume enormous amounts of water, and some of it is lost irretrievably or does not undergo any treatment.

WITH the power of rivers to cleanse themselves thanks to the biological processes occurring in them, it made it possible to cope with waste. The fact that most cities, and with them large enterprises, were built on watersheds and in the headwaters of rivers was previously perceived only as a historical landmark. Cities are growing like people, albeit more slowly. And a person does not always have time to assess in his lifetime how the city’s needs for water have changed. But there are changes, and sometimes quite significant ones. After all, reservoirs in current conditions are a place not only for water intake (withdrawal of water for industrial, drinking and other needs), but also for receiving wastewater. Modern agricultural production, like industry, can be a source of pollution. Mineral salts washed out from irrigated lands pollute water bodies; pesticides, phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers are often used uncontrollably. Excess chemicals poison animals and vegetable world reservoirs. In addition, chemicals can accumulate in products, thereby posing a significant threat to human health.

Sources of pollution of water bodies in rural areas also include large livestock complexes. The source of pollution of water bodies with harmful substances is ship wastewater. In recent years, reservoirs and rivers have received many thousands of units of the so-called small fleet: boats, various boats with outboard motors. With a roar, with a white wake of breakers, with circular turns, throwing out exhaust gases, they rush back and forth across the blue waters. It is known that 1 g of petroleum products spoils 100 liters of water. Wherein the content of petroleum products exceeds the permissible level. A wave raised by a fast-moving boat reaches the shore, destroys it, and the shore is intensively eroded. There is also a very significant source of water pollution that is practically uncontrollable. These are storm and snow runoff from forests, agricultural lands, etc. In terms of pollution, such water flowing from vast territories is often comparable to urban sewer water.

Sanitary protection of the reservoir

In accordance with the “Fundamentals of Water Legislation of the USSR and Union Republics,” which were adopted in December 1970 by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, schemes for the integrated use and protection of water are being developed. All measures should ensure the most efficient use of water for the national economy (taking into account the priority satisfaction of the water needs of the population) by regulating water flow, taking measures to use water economically and to stop the discharge of untreated wastewater based on improving production technology -stva and water supply schemes (use of waterless technological processes of air cooling, recycling water supply and other technical methods). The “Fundamentals of Water Legislation of the USSR and Union Republics” states that all waters and water bodies are subject to protection from pollution, clogging and depletion that affect water quality in such a way that they can cause harm to public health, lead to a decrease in fish stocks, worsen water supply conditions and cause other adverse consequences as a result of changes in the physical, chemical, biological properties of water, a decrease in the ability for natural purification, and disruption of hydrological and hydrogeological regimes. The definition of the concept of “water pollution” in legislation requires all water users to comply with the necessary requirements, which are set out in the “Rules for the protection of surface waters from pollution by wastewater” (1974).

The most important integral part Modern Soviet water and sanitary legislation are hygienic standards - maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in the water of reservoirs. Compliance with these MPCs creates safety for public health and favorable conditions for sanitary and domestic water use. They are a criterion for the effectiveness of various measures to protect water bodies from pollution and stimulate progress in the field of industrial technology for the most complete compliance with regulatory requirements corresponding to the favorable sanitary condition of water bodies. The role of hygienic maximum permissible concentrations in the examination of projects and in determining the conditions for the discharge of wastewater into a reservoir to predict its sanitary condition is enormous. Hygienic standards are an important part of " Rules for the protection of surface waters from pollution by wastewater." Hygienic maximum permissible concentrations ensure safe and normal conditions for water use by the population (drinking, cultural and domestic). Maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the water of reservoirs as hygienic standards make it possible to distinguish pollution levels that directly or indirectly affect the sanitary conditions of water use and public health from pollution levels that affect not so much the interests of health care as other economic interests of the population.

Developed in the late 40s by prof. S. N. Cherkinsky methodological scheme of hygienic study possible influence industrial wastewater entering water bodies and the harmful substances it contains has become generally accepted. Such research must be multifaceted and comprehensive. It should characterize the regulated substances according to the main three indicators of harmfulness - the effect on the general sanitary regime of water bodies, on public health and the organoleptic properties of water, when taste, color, and smell are determined using the senses. The hygienic criterion of harmfulness is based on the degree of restriction in water use caused by pollution that creates a health hazard or deteriorates the sanitary living conditions of the population.

According to the “Rules for the protection of surface waters from wastewater pollution,” reservoirs and watercourses (water bodies) are considered polluted if the composition and properties of the water in them have changed under the direct or indirect influence of industrial activities and domestic use by the population and have become partially or completely unsuitable for one of the types of water use. The criterion for water contamination is the deterioration of its quality due to changes in its organoleptic properties and the appearance of harmful substances for humans, animals, birds, and fish. An increase in water temperature changes the conditions for the normal functioning of aquatic organisms. The suitability of the composition and properties of surface waters used for domestic and drinking water supply and cultural and everyday needs of the population, for fishing and economic purposes, is determined by their compliance with the requirements and standards set out in the above-mentioned document.

There are two categories of water use. First category-use of a water body as a source of centralized or non-centralized drinking water supply and for water supply to food industry enterprises; the second category is the use of a water body for swimming, sports and recreation of the population, the use of water bodies within populated areas. The water use points of the first and second categories closest to the place of wastewater discharge are determined by the bodies and institutions of the sanitary and epidemiological service with mandatory consideration of official data and prospects for using the water body for drinking water supply and cultural and everyday needs of the population.

Composition and properties of water and water bodies must comply with the standards in the site (a certain section of the reservoir), located on watercourses 1 km above the nearest water use point downstream (water intake for domestic and drinking water supply, swimming areas, organized recreation, territory settlement etc.), and on stagnant reservoirs and reservoirs - 1 km in both directions from the point of water use. When discharging wastewater within a city (or any populated area), the first point of water use is the given city (or populated area). In these cases, the established requirements for the composition and properties of water in a reservoir or stream must apply to the wastewater itself. The composition and properties of a water body at points of household, drinking and cultural and domestic water use or according to one of the indicators should not exceed the maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances in water bodies of household, drinking and cultural and domestic water use. Currently, maximum permissible concentrations are established for bolt 800 substances.

One of the essential structures for the protection of water bodies is sewerage, which is a complex of sanitary and engineering structures that ensure the collection and rapid removal of contaminated wastewater outside populated areas and industrial enterprises, their purification, disinfection and neutralization. Methods for treating domestic wastewater are divided into mechanical and biological. During mechanical cleaning wastewater separation occurs between the liquid and solid phases of wastewater. For this purpose, the following structures are used: grates, sand traps, settling tanks (horizontal and vertical), septic tanks, two-tier settling tanks. The liquid part of wastewater is subjected to biological treatment, which can be natural or artificial. Natural biological treatment of wastewater is carried out in filtration fields, irrigation fields, biological ponds, etc. For artificial biological treatment, special structures are used - biological filters, aeration tanks. Sludge treatment. produced on sludge beds or in digesters.

The regulation stipulates that state control over the use and protection of water must ensure compliance by all ministries, departments, enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens with the established procedure for the use of water, fulfillment of obligations to protect it from pollution, clogging and depletion. It is necessary to comply with the rules for accounting for water use established by the “Fundamentals of Water Legislation of the USSR and Union Republics.” The epidemiological service carries out work on the sanitary protection of water bodies in accordance with the “Regulations on state sanitary supervision in the USSR” of 1973. The bodies of the sanitary-epidemiological service of the USSR Ministry of Health are responsible for the protection of water bodies - an aspect affecting the interests of health care and sanitary living conditions population. The healthcare system has 4260 sanitary and epidemiological stations. By the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On measures to further improve healthcare and develop medical science in the country” (1968), a wide network of sanitary laboratories was created at enterprises to study the composition of wastewater and the quality of water in reservoirs. Each laboratory conducts tens of thousands of analyzes of water and water bodies per year.

The sanitary laboratory and its branches at wastewater treatment plants operate according to a unified plan approved by the management of the enterprise after detailed coordination with the sanitary and epidemiological service. The objects of sanitary observations are reservoirs that are used for household, drinking and cultural and everyday needs of the population. The observation sites are confined to points of sanitary and domestic water use. Sanitary condition of reservoirs, having fishery significance, and the implementation of measures for their protection are controlled by the fisheries protection authorities of the Ministry of Fisheries of the USSR. Control over the use and protection of groundwater, as well as the study of their condition, is carried out by the USSR Ministry of Geology. When conducting sanitary observations of the condition of water bodies, it is necessary to collect information about the main sources of pollution. At the same time, issues of sanitary improvement of the settlement, conditions for the disposal of its wastewater, data on other sources of pollution, in particular on industrial and other facilities discharging wastewater, the quality and composition of discharged wastewater, the nature of treatment and disinfection, etc. d.

Materials on the water quality of reservoirs are linked with data on their hydrogeological regime, which makes it possible to evaluate the results of sanitary laboratory studies and use them in predicting the water quality of reservoirs. In conditions of polluted water bodies, it is necessary to find more effective means of monitoring water quality. An automated water quality monitoring system for the entire Moscow water basin has been created - ANKOS - V (automatic monitoring of environmental control - water). It provides automatic measurement and transmission of data to the information processing center from an electronic computer, and from there through the control center directly to consumers. ANKOS-V will allow not only to quickly record the level of water pollution, but also to regulate water quality when connected to an automated wastewater control system, and to quickly evaluate the effectiveness of measures to protect the aquatic environment. ANKOS-B will serve as a prototype for similar systems throughout the country.

Posts along the river banks

Each federal republic has nature conservation societies, numbering about 35 million members, which assist government agencies in implementing and monitoring the use of legislation, as well as in planning nature conservation measures.
Concern for the purity of water opens up a wide field of activity for the public, members of the Society for the Conservation of Nature.
Caring for nature is rewarded by its generosity, a growing economy, and the joy of people. An example of this is the comprehensive transformation of the Desna basin, organically connected with the program for the renewal of the Non-Black Earth Region, with the five-year and long-term plans for the region.
Over the past decade, “green” and “blue” patrols, school forestry units, and soil erosion control units have become widespread. In the Russian Federation alone, there are 7 thousand school forestries, about 100 thousand “green” patrols and 17 thousand “blue” patrols.

Bibliography:

Yu. V. Novikov. "Keep water bodies clean"

As we found out when considering the first and second questions, the main cause of the environmental disaster of our reservoirs is one or another human activity. Now let us turn to the question of how the same person can contribute, if not to the elimination, then at least to the reduction of the harm he causes, as well as to the restoration natural communities reservoirs. In our opinion all measures to protect rivers and reservoirs from pollution, clogging and depletion and for their integrated use:

Security.

Reclamation.

Household.

Now let's try to look at each of these events in more detail.

Security, as the name suggests, should include all activities related to the security of existing communities and their preservation at least in the state in which they currently exist. These measures include the fight against poaching; a special place is given to the protection of nesting sites of waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds, and the protection of places of mass spawning of fish. No less important remains the issue of combating fires and illegal logging along the banks of water bodies, and the pollution of water bodies with poisonous and toxic substances, as well as heavy metals. It should be noted here that most water bodies have not yet lost their ability to self-heal, and if measures are taken to prevent further pollution of water bodies and damage to their inhabitants, then after a certain period of time, which can last for more than one decade, the ecosystem of water bodies will self-heal and possibly before that states as they were before human intervention. At the same time, we understand that no matter how much we would like to, a person will not be able to completely abandon interference in the life of water bodies (for example, abandon navigation, use water for irrigation of agricultural lands, etc.) This is why the use of protective measures alone insufficient to restore the biocenosis of water bodies, it is necessary to apply the other two types of measures.

The measures taken to rehabilitate and improve ponds, rivers, and streams bring water bodies into a state of ecological balance, which has a positive effect on the flora and fauna of reservoirs and coastal areas.

Ecological rehabilitation of reservoirs includes:

implementation of design and survey work (description of the object: field surveys of adjacent territories, mapping, report preparation; laboratory studies: sampling and analysis; recommendations on the technical and biological stages of rehabilitation of reservoirs)

cleaning the reservoir bed from contaminated sediments;

pond waterproofing project, bottom strengthening;

accumulation and purification of drainage and storm waters feeding reservoirs

reclamation of watershed areas;

bank protection project, landslide and erosion control measures

colonization of reservoirs with hydrobionts, planting of aquatic vegetation;

environmental rehabilitation and improvement of floodplain areas;

improvement, landscaping, landscape design of coastal and recreational areas.

Environmental rehabilitation consists of several stages:

1. Preparatory work stage;

The study of the hydrogeological characteristics of the reservoir, its morphological parameters (depth, bottom topography), sampling of water and silt deposits for laboratory analysis for chemical contamination is being carried out.

2. Stage of technical rehabilitation of the reservoir;

Depending on the size of the reservoir, the presence of hydraulic structures, hydrogeological characteristics of the area and a number of other circumstances, the need for mechanical cleaning of the reservoir bed from silt deposits is determined.

3. Biological rehabilitation stage;

A natural reservoir is a balanced ecosystem in which self-purification mechanisms operate.

The colonization of water with living aquatic organisms is carried out based on the results of biotesting of the reservoir. A species community of such microorganisms, invertebrates, and mollusks is selected for colonization, which makes it possible to restore the hydroecosystem of the reservoir.

4. Creation (restoration) of the coastal ecosystem;

Correctly located and formed coastal zones largely determine the future high-quality composition water. Help shape the natural landscape food base biota of the reservoir. The restoration of a certain type of green space and various living organisms in the coastal zone has a beneficial effect on the ecosystem of water bodies.

5. comprehensive improvement of the adjacent territory;

The quality composition of the water in the pond largely depends on the surrounding area. During environmental rehabilitation, a necessary condition is the correct layout of the territory, providing convenient approaches to water, observation platforms, and distribution of recreational load. Preventing wastewater from entering the water area.

Reclamation measures also include artificial breeding and subsequent release into the habitat of fry, primarily of those fish species that have suffered the greatest damage and whose populations have either already reached or are on the border of the level at which self-recovery becomes impossible.

The next type of measures under consideration are economic activities, one of which is the rational use of natural resources. Nature management in any industry is based on the following principles: the principle of a systems approach, the principle of optimization of environmental management, the principle of anticipation, the principle of harmonization of relations between nature and production, the principle of integrated use.

Let's look briefly at these principles.

The principle of the systems approach provides for a comprehensive comprehensive assessment of the impact of production on the environment and its responses. For example, rational use of irrigation increases soil fertility, but at the same time leads to depletion of water resources. Discharges of pollutants into water bodies are assessed not only by their impact on biota, but also determine the life cycle of water bodies.

The principle of optimizing environmental management is to make appropriate decisions about the use of natural resources and natural systems based on a simultaneous ecological and economic approach, forecasting the development of various industries and geographic regions. Mining has an advantage over mining in terms of the use of raw materials, but leads to loss of soil fertility. The optimal solution is to combine open-pit mining with land reclamation and restoration.

The principle of outstripping the rate of raw material extraction by the rate of processing is based on reducing the amount of waste in the production process. It assumes an increase in production due to more full use raw materials, resource conservation and technology improvement.

The principle of harmonization of relations between nature and production is based on the creation and operation of natural-technogenic ecological and economic systems, which are a set of industries that ensure high production performance. At the same time, maintaining a favorable environmental situation is ensured, and it is possible to preserve and reproduce natural resources. The system has a management service for timely detection of harmful effects and adjustment of system components. For example, if a deterioration in the composition of the environment is detected due to the production activities of an enterprise, the management service makes a decision to suspend the process or reduce the volume of emissions and discharges. Such systems provide for the prediction of undesirable situations through monitoring. The information received is analyzed by the head of the enterprise, and the necessary technical measures to eliminate or reduce environmental pollution.

The principle of integrated use of natural resources provides for the creation of territorial production complexes on the basis of existing raw materials and energy resources, which make it possible to more fully use these resources, while reducing the anthropogenic load on the environment. They have specialization, are concentrated in a certain territory, have a single production and social structure and jointly contribute to the protection of the natural environment, such as the Kansk-Achinsk Heat and Power Complex (KATEK). However, these complexes can also have a negative impact on the natural environment, but due to the integrated use of resources, this impact is significantly reduced

The next activity is rational water use. Water use is the totality of all forms and types of use of water resources in common system environmental management. Rational water use involves ensuring the complete reproduction of water resources of a territory or water body in terms of quantity and quality. This is the main condition for the existence of water resources in life cycle. Improving water use is the main factor in modern economic development planning. Water management is determined by the presence of two interacting blocks: natural and socio-economic. As resource-saving systems, river water intake should be considered as part of earth's surface. River water intake is a functionally and territorially integral dynamic geosystem, developing in space and time with clearly defined natural boundaries. The organizing principle of this system is the hydrographic network. Water management is a complex organized territorial system, formed as a result of the interaction of socio-economic societies and natural water sources.

The important task of water economic activity consists of its environmental optimization. This is possible if the water use strategy includes the principle of minimizing disruption to the structure of the quality of a water body with a catchment area. Return waters after their use differ in composition from natural waters, therefore, for rational water use, maximum savings and minimal interference with natural moisture circulation at any level are required. The reserves and quality of water resources are a function of the regional conditions of runoff formation and the technogenic water cycle created by humans in the process of water use. An assessment of the water supply of a territory for a region can be presented in the form of a set of highly informative hydrogeological indicators corresponding to various cost options for organizing water use. In this case, at least three options must be presented - two extreme and one intermediate: natural conditions, which correspond to a minimum of resources and zero costs for their extraction; conditions of expanded reproduction that appear as a result of expensive engineering measures; conditions of maximum water use that would occur if the full annual flow generated in a given territory was used, which corresponds not only to the maximum of resources, but also to the maximum of possible costs. Such conditions are unattainable, but when modeling and forecasting in theoretical terms, their consideration is necessary to obtain an idea of ​​the processes being studied and as a comparative value for economic calculations. No less important here is the construction of treatment facilities, or the modernization of existing ones, the use of which guarantees the reproduction of “high-quality” water resources, which, after being used in human economic activity, are returned to water bodies.

An effective form of protecting the natural environment during industrial production is the use of low-waste and waste-free technologies, and in agriculture - the transition to biological methods of pest and weed control. The greening of industry should develop in the following areas: improvement of technological processes and development of new equipment that ensures less emissions of pollutants into the natural environment, large-scale introduction of environmental assessment of all types of production, replacement toxic waste to non-toxic and recyclable, widespread use of environmental protection methods and means. It is necessary to use additional means of protection using treatment equipment such as devices and systems for treating wastewater, gas emissions, etc. Rational use of resources and protection of the environment from pollution is a common task, for the solution of which specialists from various branches of technology and fields of science must be involved. Environmental protection measures should determine the creation of natural-technogenic complexes that would ensure the efficient use of raw materials and conservation natural ingredients. Environmental protection measures are divided into three groups: engineering, environmental, and organizational.

Engineering activities are designed to improve existing and develop new technologies, machines, mechanisms and materials used in production, ensuring the elimination or mitigation of technogenic loads on the ecosystem. These activities are divided into organizational, technical and technological. Organizational and technical measures include a number of actions to comply with technological regulations, gas and wastewater purification processes, control over the serviceability of instruments and equipment, and timely technical re-equipment of production. The most progressive continuous and enlarged production facilities are provided to ensure the stability of the enterprise. They are also easy to manage and have the ability to constantly improve technologies to reduce emissions and discharges of pollutants.

Technological measures by improving production reduce the intensity of pollution sources. This will require additional costs to modernize production, but by reducing emissions there is virtually no damage to the natural environment, so the return on investment will be high.

It is also necessary to pay attention to environmental measures aimed at self-purification of the environment or self-healing. They are divided into two subgroups:

Abiotic;

Biotic.

The abiotic subgroup is based on the use of natural chemical and physical processes that occur in all components.

Biotic measures are based on the use of living organisms, which in the zone of influence of production ensure the functioning of ecological systems (biological fields for wastewater treatment, cultivation of microorganisms for processing pollutants, self-overgrowth of disturbed lands, etc.).

The group of organizational measures is determined by the structure of management of natural-technogenic systems and is divided into planned and operational. Planned ones are designed for the long term of the system’s operation. Their basis is the rational arrangement of all structural units of the natural-technogenic complex.

Operational measures are usually used in extreme situations arising at work or in the natural environment (explosions, fires, pipeline ruptures).

The above measures are the basis of human activity creating environmentally friendly production and should be aimed at reducing the technogenic load on ecosystems, and if it occurs, contribute to the prompt elimination of the causes and consequences of accidents. The methodological approach to the selection of environmental protection measures should be based on the principle of their environmental and technical and economic assessment.

In addition to the above, I would like to note that for transboundary water bodies, of which the Amur is an example, the development of national and international legal documents that may be required to preserve the quality of water resources, primarily for the following purposes, is also important:

Monitoring and control of pollution of national and transboundary waters and its consequences;

Controlling the transport of pollutants over long distances through the atmosphere;

Control of accidental and/or arbitrary discharges into national and/or transboundary water bodies;

Conducting environmental assessments, as well as compensation for damage caused by one of the parties, the user of a transboundary reservoir

21. The concept of legal liability and the basis for its application.

22. Criminal and administrative liability.

23. Civil liability.

24. Disciplinary responsibility.

25. Legal liability for pollution of water bodies.

26. Legal liability for contamination of water bodies.

27. Legal liability for depletion of water bodies.

Water pollution is a decrease in its quality as a result of various physical, chemical or biological substances entering rivers, streams, lakes, seas and oceans

Depletion of waters (water bodies)- is a sustainable decrease in the minimum permissible surface water flow or a reduction in reserves groundwater

Legal protection of waters

Characteristic feature The legal regime of waters is a comprehensive regulation of their protection from various harmful influences.

Legal protection of waters is a system of measures enshrined by law aimed at preventing their pollution, clogging and depletion. Water legislation recognizes the deterioration of water quality as pollution or clogging as a result of the discharge into water bodies or the entry into them in any other way of harmful substances (pollution) or objects or suspended particles (clogging). Water depletion is a sustainable reduction in their volume (Article 1 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation).

In the field of protection of water bodies, the development and implementation of government programs on water use and protection, environmental monitoring of water bodies, implementation of state accounting of surface and ground waters, maintaining state water cadastre *.

In order to ensure compliance by legal entities and citizens with the established procedure for the rational use and protection of water bodies, standards, regulations and rules in the field of use and protection of water, the regime of use of territories of water protection zones of water bodies and other requirements of water legislation, state control for the use and protection of water by executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, and state bodies in the field of environmental protection **.

The legislation stipulates that the use of water bodies should be carried out with the minimum possible negative consequences for water bodies. When using them, citizens and legal entities need to carry out production, technological, reclamation, agrotechnical, hydraulic, sanitary and other measures to ensure the protection of water bodies. These requirements are disclosed through the system discussed above responsibilities the specified subjects forming the content of the water use right.

At the same time, water legislation establishes a number of special measures, requirements and prohibitions for water protection.

Maintaining surface and ground waters in a state that meets environmental requirements is ensured primarily through the establishment and compliance standards for maximum permissible harmful effects to water bodies. They are set based on:

The maximum permissible value of anthropogenic load, the long-term impact of which will not lead to a change in the ecosystem of the water body;

The maximum permissible mass of harmful substances that can enter a water body and its catchment area.

In order to protect water and ensure the health and safety of the population, standards for the content of pollutants and harmful substances in water are established - their maximum permissible concentrations(MPC). Water legislation that regulates economic activities that have a negative impact on waters is aimed at maintaining water quality that meets these standards.

To prevent and eliminate pollution of water bodies that may occur as a result of this activity, sources of pollution are identified. Sources of pollution objects from which discharge or otherwise enter water bodies of harmful substances are recognized, deteriorating the quality of surface and ground waters, limiting their use, and also negatively affecting the condition of the bottom and banks of water bodies.

The protection of water bodies from pollution is carried out by regulating the activities of both stationary and other sources of pollution.

Citizens and legal entities when operating economic and other facilities that affect the condition of water bodies, they are obliged to take measures to prevent pollution, clogging and depletion of water bodies and the harmful effects of water (Article 106). Wastewater discharge, containing harmful substances, is allowed if there is licenses, issued by the authorities governing the use and protection of the water fund, and also if such a discharge does not lead to an increase in the content of pollutants above the established standards - standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in water (MPC).

In this regard, each source of pollution must comply with the standards established for it by the competent government authorities maximum permissible emissions pollutants (MPE). Standards for maximum permissible emissions of harmful substances are established based on the condition of inadmissibility of exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in water bodies.

When operating economic and other facilities, it is prohibited:

Discharge into water bodies wastewater that is not treated and neutralized in accordance with established standards;

Collect water from water bodies that significantly affects their condition;

Discharge wastewater containing substances for which maximum permissible concentrations have not been established, or containing pathogens of infectious diseases.

In case of exceeding MPE standards or discharge of wastewater containing substances for which appropriate standards have not been established, or violation of other requirements for the rational use and protection of water, the discharge of wastewater may be limited, suspended or prohibited up to the termination of the activity of the production facility by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation or executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the proposal of water management authorities, environmental protection or sanitary and epidemiological supervision.

When locating, designing, constructing, putting into operation economic and other facilities, as well as introducing new technological processes, their impact on the state of water bodies and the natural environment must be taken into account. Construction (reconstruction) sites economic and other facilities affecting the condition of water bodies, as well as construction, dredging, blasting and other works on water bodies must be coordinated with the water fund management body, the state sanitary and epidemiological supervision body, and other bodies governing the use and protection of natural resources.

Commissioning is prohibited:

Household and other facilities, including filter storage tanks, waste disposal sites, city and other landfills not equipped with devices, treatment facilities, preventing pollution, clogging, and depletion of water bodies;

Water intake and discharge structures without devices that ensure the accounting of intake and discharge water;

Water intake and other hydraulic structures without establishing zones sanitary protection and the creation of observation points for indicators of the condition of water bodies.

Sources of pollution located on land should not cause pollution and clogging of water bodies in excess of the established standards for impact on water bodies, which should be ensured by priority use technologies, not providing negative influence on the natural environment, restriction of use toxic substances And heavy metals, introduction of scientifically based methods for measuring and calculating wastewater discharges into water bodies.

The law establishes the obligations of water users to take measures to reduce water consumption, stop the discharge of wastewater by improving production technology and water supply schemes(use of waterless technological processes, air cooling, closed technical water supply systems, etc.) (Articles 98, 105 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation).

In the interests of sustainable satisfaction of the water needs of the population and economic sectors, maintaining optimal conditions for water use, rational use of water resources and ensuring a favorable ecological and sanitary-epidemiological condition of water bodies, the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation establishes for water users water use limits.

Water use limits (water consumption and water disposal) are the maximum permissible volumes of withdrawal of water resources or discharge of wastewater of standard quality into water bodies over a certain period of time *.

* Clauses 14-18 of the Rules for the provision of state-owned water bodies for use, the establishment and revision of water use limits, the issuance of water use licenses and administrative licenses, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 3, 1997 No. 383.

In order to protect waters from clogging It is prohibited to discharge industrial, household and other waste into water bodies and dump them in them (Article 96 of the RF CC).

It is prohibited to bury and discharge radioactive and toxic substances (materials) into water bodies, as well as to carry out work on water bodies that uses nuclear and other types of technologies that are accompanied by the release of radioactive and toxic substances.

Owners of funds water transport, floating and other structures on water bodies, timber rafting organizations must prevent pollution and clogging of water due to loss of oils, wood, chemicals, petroleum and other products.

It is not permitted to operate self-propelled and non-self-propelled vessels, as well as other objects located on the surface of water bodies, without devices for collecting wastewater, waste and waste generated on these vessels and objects.

Enterprises, organizations and institutions are obliged to prevent pollution and clogging surfaces of watersheds and ice cover of reservoirs industrial, household and other waste and waste, as well as petroleum products, pesticides and other harmful substances, the flushing of which will lead to deterioration in the quality of surface and groundwater.

An essential feature of the legal protection of waters is the establishment water protection zones water bodies.

A water protection zone is an area adjacent to the waters of rivers, lakes, reservoirs and other surface water bodies, where a special regime of economic and other activities is established in order to prevent pollution, clogging, siltation and depletion of water bodies, as well as to preserve the habitat of animal objects and flora.

Compliance with a special regime in the territory of water protection zones is an integral part of a set of environmental measures to improve the hydrological, hydrochemical, hydrobiological, sanitary and environmental condition of water bodies and the improvement of their coastal areas.

Within water protection zones, coastal protective strips, in the territories of which additional restrictions on environmental management are introduced. The legal regime of these territories is regulated by the Regulations on water protection zones of water bodies and their coastal strips.

In order to protect water bodies used for drinking and domestic water supply, as well as medical, resort and health needs of the population, sanitary protection zones and districts.

The Water Code of the Russian Federation also regulates issues emergency water pollution as a result of salvo discharges of harmful substances, the concepts of zones are defined environmental emergency and environmental disaster on water bodies(Articles 97, 116 of the RF CC), measures to prevent and eliminate consequences are provided harmful effects of water(floods, inundations, destruction of banks, dams, etc., waterlogging and salinization of lands, soil erosion, mudflows, etc.).

The legislation provides for the creation of various categories specially protected water bodies- natural ecosystems that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which are completely or partially, permanently or temporarily withdrawn from economic activity. These may be areas of internal sea ​​waters, wetlands, watercourses and reservoirs classified as unique natural landscapes, protection zones for the source or mouth of water bodies, spawning areas valuable species fish, etc. The Special Federal Law “On the Protection of Lake Baikal” establishes a special legal regime protection of a unique ecological system - Baikal natural area, which is natural object world heritage.

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Freshwater bodies perform several functions. On the one hand, rivers and lakes form an important part of the water cycle in nature.

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On the other hand, it is an important environment for life on the planet with its own unique complex living organisms.

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Large rivers and lakes are a kind of heat trap, since water has a high heat capacity. On cold days, the temperature near bodies of water is higher, as the water releases stored heat, and on hot days, the air above lakes and rivers is cooler due to the fact that the water accumulates excess heat. In the spring, lakes and rivers become resting places for migratory waterfowl, which migrate further north, into the tundra, to nesting sites.

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Rivers and lakes serve as the only accessible source of fresh water on our planet. Currently, many rivers are blocked by hydroelectric dams, so the water in the rivers plays the role of a source of energy.

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Picturesque banks of rivers and lakes allow people to enjoy the beauty of nature. That is why one of the most important meanings of land-based bodies of water is a source of beauty.

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In the Arkhangelsk region, in addition to the listed functions, rivers play the role of transport routes along which various goods are transported.

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Previously, timber rafting was carried out along the Onega, Northern Dvina and other rivers. With this method, a large number of logs were independently floated downstream during the spring flood. Thus, wood was delivered free of charge from logging areas to large sawmills in Arkhangelsk. This method of floating trees caused irreparable damage to nature. The bottom of the rivers where moth rafting was carried out was heavily clogged with rotting logs. Such rivers became unnavigable in the summer. As a result of wood rotting, there was a low oxygen content in the water.

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Consequences of mole alloy.

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Despite its high economic efficiency, this method of transporting wood caused great harm to the environment. Therefore, it has now been abandoned. Nowadays, wood is transported along rivers in the form of large rafts. In this case, there is no loss of logs, and therefore, rivers and the sea are not polluted.

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Timber rafting along the Northern Dvina.

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Northern rivers are famous for their abundance of diverse fish. They are inhabited by whitefish, char, omul, and herring. The rivers flowing into the Beloe and Barents Sea, in the spring a valuable one comes to spawn commercial fish northern salmon, or salmon. Currently, the number of this species has greatly decreased due to poaching. To preserve salmon, the state regulates fishing standards for special fishing teams. But sometimes residents catch salmon with nets on their own without permission from fisheries conservation organizations, and in connection with this, the problem of poaching in northern rivers is particularly acute.

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SALMON is an anadromous fish of the salmon family. Length up to 150 cm, weighs up to 39 kg. After feeding in the sea, it migrates to rivers to breed. There are two known races of salmon in the White Sea: autumn and summer. The Northern Dvina salmon run begins in the spring and continues until freeze-up.

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The main negative impact of humans on the condition of rivers and lakes is their pollution by chemical waste. The Northern Dvina is the most polluted. The largest pulp and paper mills in Europe are located on this river. One of them is located near Kotlas, in the city of Koryazhma, and the other two are in Novodvinsk and Arkhangelsk.

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The total pollution of the Northern Dvina is so high that in summer it is not recommended to swim in the river within the city of Arkhangelsk. The problem of water pollution in Arkhangelsk is particularly acute, since in this city the river is the only source of drinking water. To control the quality of fresh water, the state has developed a Water Code. In law Russian Federation“There is a separate article on the protection of the natural environment on the protection of fresh waters. In Russia, maximum permissible concentrations and maximum permissible standards for discharges of harmful substances from industrial enterprises have been developed. The General Directorate of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection is responsible for the implementation of these laws and for monitoring the quality of wastewater.

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Another source of pollution of rivers and lakes is domestic wastewater. Most of the large cities in the Arkhangelsk region are located on the banks of large rivers. Therefore, large amounts of insufficiently treated wastewater can end up in rivers and then into the sea. To maintain high water quality in the rivers of the Arkhangelsk region and preserve the diverse flora and fauna, industrial enterprises must comply with pollutant emission standards, and the population must comply with environmental laws and take care of the wealth that nature has awarded.

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Literature
Ecology of the Arkhangelsk region: Tutorial for students in grades 9-11 secondary school/ Under. Ed. Batalova A. E., Morozova L. V. - M.: Publishing house - Moscow State University, 2004. Geography of the Arkhangelsk region ( Physiography) 8th grade. Textbook for students. / Edited by N. M. Byzova – Arkhangelsk, Pomeranian International Publishing House pedagogical university named after M.V. Lomonosov, 1995. Regional component of general education. Biology. - Department of Education and Science of the Administration of the Arkhangelsk Region, 2006. PSU, 2006. JSC IPPC RO, 2006