With 400 anti-aircraft missile system characteristics. History of the development of air defense systems

Anti-aircraft missile system The S-400 "Triumph" is designed to destroy jamming aircraft, radar detection and control aircraft, reconnaissance aircraft, strategic and tactical aviation aircraft, tactical, operational-tactical ballistic missiles, medium-range ballistic missiles, hypersonic targets and other modern and promising air attack means.

The S-400 air defense system was created on the basis of the existing Russian S-300 complexes, however, it has significantly greater tactical and technical capabilities in comparison with these systems - both in area, and in efficiency, and in the variety of targets hit. The assessments carried out by the developers of the complex revealed that according to the criterion "efficiency - cost" new air defense system provides a gain of 2.5 times compared to existing technology. "Triumph" is the only system that can selectively operate using several types of missiles - both old ones that were part of early developments (S-300PMU-1, S-300PMU-2), and new ones created in Lately. Having in the basic version 4 types of missiles with different launch weights and launch ranges, the S-400 allows you to create layered air defense, expand the range of the complex, and also has great prospects for further modernization.

A high degree of automation of all stages of combat work and a modern element base made it possible to significantly reduce the maintenance personnel of the S-400 air defense system. The principles of construction and the extensive communication system of the "four hundred" means allow it to be integrated into different levels management not only of the Air Force, but also of other branches of the Armed Forces.

The lead developer of the complex is the Almaz Central Design Bureau (general designer A. Lemansky). The cooperation of developers includes leading enterprises of the Russian defense industry- MKB "Fakel", Novosibirsk Research Institute of Measuring Instruments, Design Bureau of Special Engineering (St. Petersburg) and a number of others.

The S-400 anti-aircraft missile system has been put into service Russian army By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 28, 2007, on August 6, 2007, the first division took up combat duty in Elektrostal, Moscow Region.

In the west, the complex received the designation SA-20.

Compound

The basic version of the S-400 anti-aircraft missile system retains the structure of the S-300 type air defense system, including a multifunctional radar, launchers, autonomous detection and target designation equipment. At the same time, the new set of control tools provides significantly greater channeling of targets.

The Triumph air defense system includes:

Controls 30K6E:
- paragraph combat control 55K6E;
- Detection radar 91N6E.
Anti-aircraft missile systems 98Zh6E (up to 6 pcs.) consisting of:
- Multifunctional Control radar 92N2E;
- Launchers 5P85TE2 and/or 5P85SE2 (up to 12 pcs.)
- Anti-aircraft missiles 48N6E, 48N6E2, 48N6E3 of the existing S-300PM-1, -2 air defense systems, as well as 9M96E and 9M96E2 missiles (see photo) and the 40N6E ultra-long-range missile.
Optionally supplied products:
- all-altitude radar 96L6E;
- mobile tower 40V6M for antenna post 92N6E.

All processes of combat work - detection, route tracking, distribution of targets between anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM), their capture, tracking and identification, selection of the type of missiles, preparing them for launch, launch, capture and guidance of missiles at targets, evaluation of firing results, - automated.

The air defense system command post has a 91N6E radar, which creates a radar field in the system’s coverage area and carries out detection, route tracking and determination of the nationality of all types of targets in an amount of hundreds of units. The 91N6E detection radar operates in all-round viewing mode, is three-dimensional, and noise-proof. This radar has an important advantage in comparison with ground-based radars in standby and combat modes; it is equipped with a phased array with two-dimensional scanning beam.

According to radar detection data command post distributes targets between the system's guided anti-aircraft missile systems, provides them with appropriate target designations, and also carries out the interaction of air defense systems in conditions of massive air attack raids at various altitudes combat use, in an environment of intense radio countermeasures. The air defense missile system command post can also receive additional route information about targets from higher command posts, to which ground-based radars in standby and combat modes are connected, or directly from these radars, as well as from onboard radars of aviation complexes. Integrating radar information received in different wavelength ranges is most appropriate in conditions of intense radio countermeasures. The Triumph air defense missile system has the ability to simultaneously control up to 8 air defense systems.

The air defense systems are equipped with monopulse four-coordinate sector multifunctional radars (MFRS) 92N2E. The air defense system uses a combined missile defense control system, consisting of an inertial control system for most of the trajectory and homing heads (GOS) in the area of approach to the target. This allows, at the inertial control stage, to free the multifunctional radar channels from the missile defense tracking function and increase the number of simultaneously tracked and fired targets. The use of active homing heads frees the MFRLS from the function of tracking and illuminating a target in the homing section, which also expands the capabilities of the radar in terms of the number of tracked targets. It is envisaged to use in the missile defense system promising integrated active-semi-active seekers, which also have a passive receiving channel, capable of searching not only the frequency of the received signal, but also searching for a target by angular coordinates.

One launcher can accommodate four ultra-long-range missiles (up to 400 km), designed to destroy AWACS aircraft, air command posts, electronic warfare aircraft, strategic bombers and ballistic targets with a maximum speed of more than 3000 m/s. It will be able to destroy aircraft beyond the radio visibility of ground-based guidance locators. The need to hit over-the-horizon targets required the installation on the missile of a fundamentally new homing head (GOS), developed by the Almaz Central Design Bureau, which can operate in both semi-active and active modes. In the latter case, after gaining altitude, the rocket is switched to search mode upon command from the ground and, having detected the target, aims at it independently.

In another version of the launcher equipment there are four transport-launch containers with four 9M96E or 9M96E2 missiles in each. These missiles are capable of hitting all existing and future missile and aircraft weapons at medium distances. In terms of their purpose, the 9M96E/9M96E2 missiles are similar to the foreign "Patriot" PAC-3, "Aster-30", but are significantly superior to them in efficiency.

The 9M96E and 9M96E2 missiles are completely unified for interservice use in air defense systems of both the Air Force and the Navy. A significant reduction in the size and weight of these missiles made it possible to place four missiles in cassette containers having similar dimensions to the containers containing missiles included in various variants of the S-300PMU and "Reef" air defense systems - 5V55R, 48N6E, 48N6E2, 48N6E3. Such an increase in ammunition predetermines significantly greater flexibility in the use of missiles and makes it possible to effectively counter the depletion of the air defense system’s ammunition through the enemy’s use of massive attacks with high-precision missiles or their imitations by remotely piloted aircraft.

9M96E2 is optimized for combating precision weapons, cruise missiles and ballistic targets, including subtle ones. It not only destroys air targets, but also undermines their warhead. The probability of hitting specified targets with one missile without taking into account operational reliability is:

not less than 0.9 for manned targets, including those made using stealth technology, loitering and performing anti-aircraft maneuvers;
at least 0.8 for unmanned targets, including those performing anti-aircraft maneuvers (with a probability of at least 0.7 accompanied by the destruction of their combat load).

Control 9M96E2 - combined. For most of the flight path to the target, the missile is controlled using an on-board inertial system using ground-based radar information about the target coordinates, entered into the 9M96E2 on-board equipment by ground-based air defense systems before launch and corrected during the flight via a correction radio link. At the final stage of the flight, the missile is controlled according to data generated by the active radar homing head.

The target destruction range of the 9M96E2 missile is 120 km, the destruction height is from 5 m to 30 km, and the mass is 420 kg. The time it takes to prepare a missile for launch when it is on the launcher is no more than 8 seconds. The assigned service life is 15 years. This period may be extended after technical examination of 9M96E2 at the places of their operation.

9M96E and 9M96E2 are completely unified in terms of on-board equipment, combat equipment and design. The 9M96E missile differs from the 9M96E2 in its characteristics. The target engagement range is 40 km, the engagement height is 20 km, and the mass is 333 kg. The engine power of the 9M96E is less than that of the 9M96E2, but they are almost the same in size and weight.

Main feature modern air defense and missile defense is the need to destroy the combat load of attack weapons, i.e. the result of the interception should be, for example, a guaranteed elimination of the possibility of the attacking missile's payload falling in the area of the defended object. This possibility can be completely excluded only if the target's payload is destroyed during its interception by an anti-aircraft missile. In turn, a similar result can be achieved both by a direct hit of a missile into the warhead compartment of the target, and by combining a sufficiently small miss and the effective impact on the target of the energy of fragments of the warhead of an anti-aircraft missile.

Unlike their foreign counterparts, 9M96E and 9M96E2 use a “cold” vertical start - before starting the main engine, they are thrown out of the container to a height of more than 30 meters. While ascending to this height, the rocket is inclined towards the target using a gas-dynamic system. After starting the main engine, inertial control with radio correction is used in the initial and middle sections of the flight path (which allows for maximum noise immunity), and active radar homing is used directly in the process of target interception. If intensive maneuvering is required before the meeting point with a target, the missile is capable of implementing a “super-maneuverability” mode, for which a gas-dynamic control system is used. This system makes it possible to increase the aerodynamic overload of the rocket by about 20 units in 0.025 s. It should be noted that the use of a system for ensuring the “super maneuverability” of the 9M96E and 9M96E2 missiles, along with increased guidance accuracy, makes it possible to implement guidance trajectories that improve the conditions for the missile to meet the target, increasing the efficiency of the use of combat equipment anti-aircraft missiles.

The 9M96E and 9M96E2 are equipped with a 24-kilogram fragmentation warhead with a controlled kill field. The creation of information-supported guided combat equipment for the 9M96E and 9M96E2 missiles has become another direction in increasing the effectiveness of the destruction of modern air attack weapons. Such combat equipment is aimed at hitting targets with a “stopping” effect (structural destruction) when intercepting manned targets and at defeating (neutralizing) the combat load when intercepting unmanned targets. The missile's combat equipment is controlled by a radio fuse, which uses all the information available on board the missile to adapt to the conditions of the meeting with the target. The radio fuse determines the moment of detonation of the warhead, which must be strictly coordinated with the dispersion speeds of fragments to cover the vulnerable part of the target with a fragmentation field and the direction in which it is necessary to ensure the release of fragments with increased dispersal speeds. The directed release of fragments is carried out using a controlled high-explosive fragmentation warhead with a multi-point initiation system. This system, upon command from the radio fuse to fire the warhead in a controlled mode (in the presence of information about the miss phase), causes the initiation of its charge at the peripheral detonation points corresponding to the required direction. As a result, the energy of the charge explosion is redistributed in a given direction and the main part of the fragmentation field is thrown at increased speed towards the target. In the absence of information about the miss phase, a central detonation of the warhead is realized with a symmetrical scattering of fragments.

New important characteristics The Triumph air defense systems are:

information interface with a large number of existing and developing ground, air and space-based information sources;
the use of a basic-modular design principle that makes it possible to satisfy the specific requirements for systems when used in the Air Force, Navy and Ground Forces;
the possibility of integrating not only the Air Force, but also military air defense, naval air defense forces and means into existing and future control systems for air defense groups.

One of the additional sources of information for the Triumph air defense system is the aviation complex of radar surveillance and guidance (AK RLDN). According to the existing concept, AK RLDN carries out exploration air enemy for the purpose of ensuring combat operations fighter aircraft and long-range air defense systems. In addition, AK RLDN, which have increased survivability compared to ground-based radars, are used to build up and quickly restore the radar field.

The type of AK RLDN in the Russian Federation includes the A-50 complex and its modernization A-50U with a radio technical complex (RTK) of the coherent type “Shmel-M”. The all-round antenna system installed above the fuselage of the Il-76 aircraft allows detection with high resolution air objects in a wide range of flight altitudes, control fighters and exchange combat information with them. It is planned to develop promising AK RLDN based on the use various types RTK.

The scientific, technical and technological breakthroughs achieved during the development of the Triumph air defense system provide a real opportunity to move on to the development and production of a new class of weapons - integrated information and fire aviation and anti-aircraft missile systems.

Integration of information and fire assets and air force systems into unified system can be done in the following ways:

the creation of an information and fire system in which information support of the air defense missile system command is carried out by all ground and air reconnaissance means, and the control of launched missile defense systems is carried out according to the MFRLS’s own information (IOS-I);

the creation of an information and fire system in which information support is provided by all of the above means, but the control of launched missiles is carried out according to external information (IOS-II);

the creation of an information and fire system in which information support is carried out by all the same means, but the control of launched missiles is carried out from the fighter (IOS-III).

IOS-I, II, III can be considered as stages of creating a full-scale integrated IOS; in a full-scale integrated IOS, they can be considered as operating modes that depend on the current situation. Common problematic issues in the creation of these systems are the issues of providing the air defense missile system with combat information that meets the requirements of accuracy, discreteness, completeness and time of its issuance.

For IOS-I, this problem is not key, since it provides for the operation of air defense systems using its own information. The achieved level of provision of ground points, including the air defense missile system command post, with air reconnaissance equipment and on-board information systems of fighter aircraft is quite high and can practically satisfy the requirements of the Triumph air defense missile system command post for solving the problem under consideration.

For IOS-II, the main sources of information may be fighter radars and AK RLDN. Thus, omitting the issues of accuracy, discreteness and completeness of issuing information from fighter radars to the Triumph air defense missile system command post, based on preliminary estimates, we can say that in terms of time balance, firing missiles at the maximum range according to information from fighters is possible during the firing cycle of missiles, and range detection of the attacked target by radar almost at the maximum range of the radar. The times and ranges for issuing information from fighters can be reduced if the attacked targets are revealed by their own air defense radars after the launch of the missile defense system. However, such interaction between the IA and the air defense missile system at this stage seems quite complex, since before and after the launch of the air defense missile system it is difficult to predict the possibility of opening the target using the air defense missile system’s own reconnaissance means.

When intercepting targets with low radar signature, intercepting in conditions of interference, KR-type targets when firing beyond the radio horizon, information support from the AK RLDN and fighters can consist of issuing information about the coordinates of targets, their flight sector relative to the air defense missile system command post, which can be used by air defense systems for early discovery of the raid, clarification of classes and types of targets and targeting of missiles at them.

The most difficult is the creation of IOS-III, which requires both solving the above problems and the problems of controlling missiles on board fighter-interceptors. The problem of controlling missiles from fighter aircraft requires solving fundamentally new problems, including:

solving the problem of preparing initial data for launching missile defense systems based on external information;

selection of launch moment for missile defense;

transferring control of the missile defense system to the fighter's weapon control system;

control of missiles along the trajectory from the fighter until they hit the target, control of the transition of missiles to homing and control of firing results;

ensuring multi-channel management.

The key problems in the implementation of IOS-Sh lie in the development of the fighter's control system, its information and targeting system and radar, communication system and missile defense control system.

There are several ways to solve this problem in general.

A full-scale and reliable solution to this from the point of view of realizing maximum combat capabilities is the creation of a combined missile defense control system, including inertial control at the initial stage of the flight, radio correction of the missile defense system on the trajectory, semi-active homing and active homing at the final stage. Combinations in the control system are possible, but in general this solution meets a number of requirements inherent in the integration of air defense missile systems - IA in terms of controlling missile defense systems from fighter aircraft. Fundamentally, such a control system provides for accurate knowledge of the phase coordinates of the missile defense system on board the fighter, which can be ensured by the presence of an inertial system on board the missile defense system and the fighter-missile-fighter communication system. It is advisable in the air defense system control system to work out the issues of installing a high-precision inertial system on board the missile defense system, as well as the implementation of semi-active homing of the missile defense system when illuminating the target from a fighter aircraft. It can be expected that IOS-III will achieve the greatest efficiency and productivity when implementing maximum range launch of air defense missiles and, accordingly, the maximum range of fighter radars, which, when organizing interaction between air defense systems and air defense systems, requires the selection of rational fighter duty zones.

The process of interaction of the Triumph air defense system with the air defense missile system during their joint actions should provide for significant participation of the combat crews of the air defense missile system command post and the Iap command post (PN IA) in distributing the efforts of subordinate assets and ensuring the safety of fighter flights in the air defense missile defense zones.

Possible areas for increasing the efficiency of interaction between information systems and the safety of aviation operations in the affected areas of the promising Triumph air defense system are:

increasing automation of work processes;

interaction of the air defense control command post with several aviation command posts and air defense control posts;

expansion of the volume of information transmitted to the air defense control system.

The implementation of the proposed concept of creating information and fire systems will provide significant economic benefits, as it will reduce costs at all stages life cycle systems, including through optimization of development and production processes based on the use of advanced design solutions, deeper unification of means. At the operational stage, it is possible to reduce the number of personnel and the costs of equipping troop groups by eliminating unnecessary control links and automation systems.

Performance characteristics

Target detection range, km	600
Number of simultaneously tracked target tracks	up to 300
Radar viewing area (azimuth x elevation angle, degrees: - aerodynamic purposes - ballistic targets	360 x 14 60 x 75
Damage zone by range, km: - aerodynamic purposes - ballistic targets	2-240 7-60
Height of the target to be hit, km: - minimum - maximum	0.01 30
Maximum speed of the target hit, m/s	4800
Number of simultaneously fired targets (full complement of air defense systems)	36
Number of simultaneously guided missiles (full complement of air defense systems)	72
Deployment time of the air defense system from the march, min	5-10
Time to bring system funds to combat readiness from unfolded state, min.	3
Operating time of system assets before major overhaul, h	10000
Operational service life, years: - ground means - anti-aircraft guided missiles	at least 20 15

Last updated 04/18/2016

“In 2016, in order to save money, it was decided to reduce the number of equipment participating in the gala event. In this regard, the S-400 Triumph air defense system has been excluded from the parade columns in Moscow,” the press service of the manufacturing company Almaz-Antey reported.

The S-400 Triumph anti-aircraft missile system went on combat duty on August 6, 2007 in Elektrostal near Moscow. It is designed to destroy all modern aerospace attack weapons:

reconnaissance aircraft (including stealth aircraft);
ballistic missiles;
hypersonic targets;
jammers;
radar patrol and guidance aircraft and others.

How the S-400 Triumph system works and what its features are, see the AiF.ru infographic.

History of the creation of the S-400 Triumph air defense system

The lead developer of the S-400 Triumph is NPO Almaz named after academician Alexander Raspletin. This design bureau was created in the USSR back in 1948.

The appearance of the Triumph was preceded by several generations of air defense with the index “C”.

In 1967, the S-200 anti-aircraft missile system entered service. It could hit targets at altitudes of up to 250 km, which is why it received the unofficial nickname “Long Arm”.

The S-200 was replaced by air defense systems of the S-300P family, which to this day form the basis of Russian air defense.

The multi-channel nature of this air defense system allows you to simultaneously track up to six targets, and the destruction range reaches 200 km.

The next generation of the S-400 Triumph air defense system surpasses in its characteristics foreign analogues. In particular, this is the only system in the world that is equipped with four types of missiles.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the S-400 "Triumph" air defense system

detects a target at a distance of 600 km;
hits the target at a distance of 400 km;
maximum speed targets hit - 4.8 km/s;
can simultaneously fire at 36 targets with up to 72 missiles aimed at them;
deployment time of the system from the traveling state is 5-10 minutes;
the time it takes to bring the system's assets into combat readiness from a deployed state is 3 minutes.

Operational service life:

ground means - at least 20 years;
anti-aircraft guided missiles - at least 15 years.

How does the Triumph air defense system work?

The S-400 Triumph is not just a missile launcher, but a whole complex of coordinated and complex systems, the components of which are placed on off-road vehicles.

The entire process from target detection to destruction occurs automatically:

1. The radar system (radar) detects hundreds of targets within a radius of 600 km and determines their nationality.

2. Data is sent to the command post (55K6E). It, in turn, distributes targets among several launchers (5P85TE2).

3. Each command post can simultaneously control eight air defense systems, each of which carries up to 12 launchers. They, in turn, house four missiles with different masses, launch range and capabilities.

4. Depending on the type of target, the air defense system selects a missile. The S-400 Triumph is armed with missiles with different weights, launch ranges and capabilities: 48N6E, 48N6E2, 48N6E3, 9M96E and 9M96E2.

5. Ultra-long-range (up to 400 km) missiles are capable of destroying targets even beyond the reach of guidance locators, for which they are equipped with unique homing heads. After gaining altitude on command, such a rocket itself goes into search mode.

Air defense is a set of measures to ensure protection (defense) from enemy air attack weapons.

The Patriot anti-aircraft missile system forms the basis of the tactical air defense of the US Army and its allies. Domestic S-400 air defense systems guard the skies of the Moscow region, Far East, Baltic and southern Russia. We compared the systems and the result was not in favor of the Americans.

Both complexes are designed to solve two main problems. First, protect important facilities from air attack: air defense radars, missile batteries, headquarters, industrial areas. Second, intercept and destroy ballistic missile warheads. Both Patriot and S-400 are designed to operate in conditions of active electronic countermeasures - their radar stations are capable of intensively changing the operating frequency, tuning out interference.

American and Russian air defense systems are equipped with phased active array (PAA) radars - it allows a fixed antenna to generate the required number of moving radio beams. In addition, the complex includes a control center and anti-aircraft missile launchers. The air defense systems are mobile and capable of operating both autonomously and by receiving information from the outside: from air defense and missile defense control centers, satellites and long-range radar detection aircraft. Moreover, any S-400 complex can not only shoot at other people’s commands, but also itself control a network of air defense systems of various types: S-400, S-300, Pantsir-S1, Tor-M1, uniting under its command dozens of launchers with hundreds rockets.

Patriot, but not that one

"Patriot" works as follows. A detection radar with a viewing angle of 90 degrees is installed in the direction of the probable appearance of airborne objects. The multifunctional radar searches, detects and identifies targets, and calculates their coordinates. As dangerous targets approach the interception line, their interception points are determined, and data on the order of fire appears on the indicator. When the target approaches the target line, the launcher turns towards the target and the missile is launched.

After launch, the MIM-104 interceptor missile is tracked by a guidance radar. At those moments when the radar beam is directed at the missile, control commands are transmitted to it. At the final section of the trajectory, the control mode changes. The guidance radar illuminates the target, the missile's homing head catches the reflected signal and transmits data to the ground to generate control commands.

The warhead of the MIM-104 is high-explosive fragmentation, weighing 90 kilograms. According to tactical and technical characteristics The Patriot air defense system is capable of intercepting and destroying targets flying at speeds of up to 2,500 kilometers per hour, at distances of up to 100 kilometers (ballistic - up to 25 kilometers) and at an altitude of up to 25 kilometers (ballistic - up to 11 kilometers). The reaction time of the complex is 15 seconds. The air defense system can simultaneously fire at up to 8 targets, launching missiles at intervals of 3 seconds.

The probability of target interception declared by the manufacturer is: aircraft 0.8-0.9, operational-tactical missile 0.4-0.6. The Patriots received their baptism of fire during the Gulf War. At the beginning of 1991, coalition aircraft carried out strikes on Iraqi territory. Saddam Hussein's army responded by launching Abbas and Hussein ballistic missiles at the Saudi city of Dhahran, near which the American military base. Iraqi missiles are variants of the Soviet R-11, developed by Sergei Korolev, without the means electronic warfare.

The Americans foresaw such a reaction and placed Saudi Arabia and Israel several Patriot batteries. The Iraqi missile launches were detected by American satellites, and the data was transmitted by AWACS aircraft. The SAM radars were assisted by NATO's over-the-horizon radar in Turkey.

Despite ideal conditions for interception: the absence of mass launches, false targets and radio interference - the effectiveness of the Patriots turned out to be low. Of the 91 missiles fired by Iraq, 45 were shot down at a cost of 158 anti-aircraft missiles. In most cases, the body of the Iraqi missile was damaged, rather than the warhead destroyed, which does not reduce the damage when firing at areas. As a result, 28 servicemen were killed at an American base near Dhahran.

Combat use also revealed other shortcomings of the American air defense system: the sensitivity of electric generators to clogging with sand, and the sensitivity of radar equipment to instability of the power supply. Have taken place unauthorized launches. The main disadvantage of the Patriot was its short range and target interception altitude - less than 20 and 7 kilometers from the covered object, respectively. In other words, the “umbrella” that the Patriot air defense system spreads over its area of responsibility turned out to be scant.

Everything that flies

The dome that covers the S-400 targets is much more spacious - 400 kilometers in radius and height. Externally, the air defense system resembles its predecessor, the S-300 - this was done on purpose so that the enemy could not understand what kind of system it was opposing. But the capabilities of the S-400 exceed those of any other complex air defense in the world. No wonder it was called "Triumph".

The eyes of the air defense system are a noise-resistant all-round radar with two-way phased array. It detects all types of flying objects existing in nature - from stealth aircraft to hypersonic missiles, - at a distance of 600 kilometers. The radar classifies targets, separates friendly from foe, determines the degree of danger of each of the latter and transmits their coordinates to the combat control point. Meanwhile, the illumination radar with a range of 400 kilometers takes potential targets for tracking.

A unique feature of Triumph is that it can be connected additional modules for increase efficient work both in general and for certain types of goals. Recently, the aerospace defense regiments equipped with the S-400 near Moscow received five all-altitude detectors capable of simultaneously identifying up to 100 targets of various classes. Special radars "Gamma", "Orion", and "Adversary" are designed to intercept aircraft and missiles made using stealth technologies and to screen out false targets. There are modules for the formation of closed communication channels between air defense systems at a distance of up to 90 kilometers, electronic protection of complexes and jamming, target designation radars and a host of other useful devices.

When the target is identified and captured, all that remains is to launch one of the five types of missiles that the S-400 is equipped with. The missiles are designed to hit different targets at different altitudes, which allows Triumph to create layered air defense. The 9M96E product, for example, is capable of operating beyond the visibility range of ground-based guidance stations. This property is ensured by a fundamentally new homing head, developed - like the entire S-400 - at the Almaz Central Design Bureau. The missile can be aimed at a target either by commands from the ground or independently, without requiring the illumination of a tracking radar. All types of missiles can be equipped with guided warheads that have both a stopping (destruction of the target structure) and neutralizing (disabling the warhead) effect. The probability of such a missile hitting ballistic warheads and attack drones increases by one and a half to two times.

All missiles used in the S-400 have a “cold start”. They are thrown out of the launch container by a powder catapult; at a height of 30 meters, gas rudders turn the rocket towards the target, after which the main engine is turned on. This increases the flight range and reduces the near edge of the affected area. And thanks to the vertical launch, the air defense system can fire at targets in any direction without rotating the launcher. By the way, about boundaries: the lower limit of operation of the Patriot air defense system is 60 meters. The American complex misses targets flying below. The S-400 shoots down objects at a height of five meters above the ground.

The high characteristics declared by the manufacturer were confirmed during exercises and tests. During firing at the Kapustin Yar training ground, the Triumph hit a target moving at a speed of 2800 meters per second. The second target, a ballistic one, was launched to a high altitude from a long distance.

It was a small-sized "Boar" type target. Finding it is like finding a pencil in a haystack. But we destroyed it at an altitude of 16 kilometers,” said Colonel General Yuri Solovyov.

“We work seven days a week because of the S-400,” one of the employees said in a conversation at the end of 2015. This is a company where control systems are produced technical condition the latest Russian anti-aircraft missile systems, is one of many in the production chain of the famous rockets produced by .

However, in recent years there have been so many orders for the supply of the latest complexes that the established chain has ceased to cope with production. For this purpose, the Nizhny Novgorod 70th Anniversary of the Victory plant for the production of S-400, S-300 anti-aircraft missile systems and other defensive equipment, opened the day before, was founded in Nizhny Novgorod back in 2011. Another plant, where the missiles themselves will be assembled for modern advanced anti-aircraft systems, was opened in Kirov in February.

The plant, opened in Nizhny Novgorod, was created to assemble other components. They will probably be launching and radar stations for various purposes - both combat and detection and reconnaissance stations that are part of the radio engineering units of the aerospace defense forces.

Until recently, the assembly of the S-300 and S-400 complexes was carried out mainly at three enterprises.

This was later confirmed by the bombing of Yugoslavia, the invasion of Iraq, Libya, and this should have happened in Syria if we had not transferred our aviation and then air defense there.”

The expert recalls that historically the USSR and Russia compensated for the shortcomings of military aviation high level development of air defense systems. “When Rutsky was shot down on a Su-25 in Afghanistan in the early 80s, the Pakistanis already had F-16s, and our MiG-29 and Su-27 were just undergoing testing. Therefore, this threat could only be countered by air defense systems. Our Soviet ancestors understood this, and since we invested in this matter, the school was preserved,

and we are still trendsetters in the field of air defense. Similar systems can only be obtained in the USA,” he believes.

The need to protect airspace may arise during local conflicts like the 2008 war in Georgia, as well as in the event of a global conflict, when Russia is obliged to protect its nuclear centers and be able to strike back.

In these conditions, experts believe, even with a reduction in the military budget, it identifies tasks that are priority,

And he doesn’t skimp on them - this is missile defense and air defense.

“Unfortunately, it seems that the circumstances are such that we need serious rearmament, and now the state’s attitude towards this issue is extremely positive. According to our inner feeling, we are standing on the threshold, if not of a collision, then of something similar to “ cold war“- shares military expert, editor of the portal “Bulletin of Air Defense” Said Aminov. — Therefore, despite large exports, the volume of domestic defense order, and its share begins to exceed export volumes.”

In many ways, the lack of production capacity in the production of S-300 and S-400 is due to increased interest in their purchases from traditional foreign customers. According to Pukhov, what these countries have in common is independent foreign policy, solvency and understanding of how future wars will work. In the pool of these countries, the first S-400 contractor is China, as well as India, which was not interested for a long time and has now begun purchasing air defense systems, Venezuela, Algeria, and Iran.

At the same time, new, rather unexpected customers may appear among buyers.

“A few years ago, a country like Uganda purchased expensive Su-30 aircraft and other weapons worth almost a billion dollars. Who could have thought just recently that it would purchase so many weapons or that Egypt, which was on the verge of default, would purchase the S-300B, which, by the way, also works for ballistic purposes?” - the expert argues.

Russia's operation in Syria has clearly shown potential customers that threats to the integrity of the state can come from the sky, and demonstrated the role of air defense in protecting against them, despite the fact that the Russian S-400 complex delivered to the Arab Republic has not yet been used, and its work serves as a warning for the Turkish Air Force.

And this interest has already been expressed in increased demand for Russian funds electronic warfare, attack aircraft and air defense over the past few months.

An important factor determining the interest of foreign customers in the S-400 systems is that, unlike three hundred missiles, this system can also operate against ballistic targets. “If it's a ballistic perfect target that America launched, that's one thing. But if this is not the most modern missile launched by the Iranians, the Chinese or the North Koreans have gone crazy, then this is a completely different matter,” says Pukhov.

In recent years, armies around the world have placed emphasis on means that allow them to destroy the enemy and enemy equipment at a distance, avoiding direct confrontation. Domestic aircraft are no exception. Old ones are being modernized and new ones are being created.

But at all times, means for destroying enemy aircraft have played a special role. In addition, this list has recently included heavy UAVs and missiles. One of the promising means of destroying them is the S-400 complex, which is better known as “Triumph”.

Purpose

This missile system can be used to destroy jammers, reconnaissance and reconnaissance aircraft, attack and fighter aircraft, UAVs, as well as enemy missile weapons different types appointments.

Advantages over existing samples

The S-400 air defense system was developed on the basis of the S-300, but has much more best characteristics in all areas. New complex not only cheaper, but also 2.5 times more effective.

The uniqueness of Triumph is that the complex can work not only with new missiles that were specially developed for it, but also with old models that were produced for the S-300 and the like. Even in the basic version, the complex is equipped with four missile options at once. If deployed, it allows you to quickly organize several echelons of air defense and organize an attack on air bases enemy intelligence.

Thus differing from previous models, the S-400 is almost completely automated, which can significantly reduce the number of personnel required for its maintenance and repair. Thanks to the highest degree of integration with other air defense systems and MLRS, it can be used in any unit of the Russian Armed Forces.

Developer Information

This complex was designed at the legendary Almaz Design Bureau, with active participation General designer A. Lemansky. Specialists from the Fakel Design Bureau, the Novosibirsk Research Institute of IP (measuring instruments), as well as other design bureaus related to precision engineering participated in the development.

Date of adoption

The complex entered service and database at the end of April 2007, which by military standards is quite recent. First locality, which this air defense system began to cover from the air, became the city of Elektrostal, Moscow region. Among NATO, the complex is known under the designation SA-20.

What's included

In terms of structure and equipment, the S-400 is virtually no different from its predecessor. The air defense system includes a multifunctional radar, installation for and fully autonomous guidance and target designation systems. As for the differences, then new model provides much more support more targets, and the likelihood of their simultaneous destruction is higher.

The S-400 Triumph itself includes several structural elements. The 30K6E automatic control and guidance system includes:

Battle control command post 55K6E.
To quickly detect and engage the enemy, the 91N6E radar is used.

The 98Zh6E anti-aircraft complex itself also includes additional components:

Radar for control and tracking of air targets 92N2E.
For direct launch of missiles, launchers 5P85TE2 or 5P85SE2 are used.
The list of missiles with which this complex is compatible is impressive. 48H6E, 48H6E2, 48H6E3 can be launched. This air defense system also allows launches of the 40N6E missile to engage ultra-long-range targets.

If the current tactical situation requires it, the fire crew may additionally be provided with the following optional means:

The 96L6E radar is specially designed for tracking targets at the maximum accessible altitude.
Tower 40V6M, created to improve the signal on the 92N6E antenna.

Basic information about the air defense system

The S-400 "Triumph" complex was created, among other things, to combat enemy high-precision weapons, allowing you to shoot down even small and high-speed weapons. A huge advantage is that the weapons used do not just destroy an air target, but completely undermine its controls and the entire warhead. It should be borne in mind that the probability of hitting an air target is:

For manned targets, this figure is at least 0.9%, and even the pilots’ performance of special evasive maneuvers has virtually no effect on the probability of defeat.
For unmanned targets, the probability is about 0.8%. Even if a missile or UAV is only partially hit, in 70% of cases its warhead is completely destroyed.

As for the chassis on which it would be possible to install containers, each of which contains an S-400 missile, the choice is limited only by equipping a specific one. Thus, almost all modifications of MAZ, KAMAZ, as well as KRAZ and URAL vehicles can be used in this role.

Other information

It should be noted that several types of missiles can be combined in launch containers at once, which helps create a powerful layered defense that none of the Western missiles in service can overcome.

The autonomy and mobility of the system is facilitated by the fact that it is equipped with powerful generators, which make the S-400 Triumph a unique model of equipment that can effectively solve combat missions in a long separation from the base units.

Between components The complex establishes radio communications, both via wired and wireless channels. The first option is used much more often, since it provides maximum protection of transmitted data from interception. However, wireless connection also has a right to exist, since in combat conditions the speed of deployment and mobility of the system are much more important.

Control

As is the case with most similar systems, control is carried out using a combined circuit. Almost throughout the entire flight, the rocket is guided by the data that was loaded into its control chip from the complex's radar. Only when approaching the target as closely as possible does the warhead begin to follow the target, actively monitoring its movements using its own guidance system, which is located in the head part.

If we talk about at what distance the S-400 (missile system) can hit a target, then in its standard state this distance is 120 kilometers. The object can be hit at an altitude of 5 to 30 kilometers.

From the moment the target is detected until it is launched, only eight seconds pass. The service life of each rocket is about 15 years. In cases where special certification bodies can confirm the preservation of the operational properties of the equipment, this period can be significantly extended.

Destruction of a warhead

Basic Requirement modern system Air defense is not just to shoot down a missile, but to achieve guaranteed destruction of its warhead. This is especially true if the system is located in close proximity to the object it protects. It is extremely undesirable if a damaged missile falls on him, when a nuclear warhead is completely preserved in its body.

Only when combat unit intercepted while the enemy missile is approaching the target, such an unfavorable scenario can be excluded. The destruction of the most dangerous parts of enemy equipment can be achieved only in two cases: or when direct hit into the warhead, or with a sufficiently compact impact of fragments on it.

Target interception

As we have already said, the ammunition used distinguishes the S-400 in many ways. This missile system is notable for the fact that the missile does not launch directly from the container, but is thrown to a height of up to 30 meters using a squib. This not only guarantees complete safety for operators, but also allows for the highest possible accuracy when hitting targets.

Simultaneously with the start of the main engine, the rocket turns on active system interference suppression, which allows you to bypass almost all known types of interception protection. It should be noted that the missile has its own gas-dynamic maneuvering system, thanks to which it can successfully evade collisions with false targets, constantly pursuing the desired object.

Conditions for guaranteed destruction of a missile warhead

As we have already said, one of the conditions for successfully destroying a warhead is a direct hit on it. One can understand that this may not be performed very often. Therefore, the main method is a controlled and remotely initiated (according to scanning data from the complex’s missile warhead) release of fragments. The S-400 complex, the characteristics of which we present below, provides a targeted peripheral detonation of an enemy missile.

If the system for jamming an enemy target is too successful, then the centralized detonation of the missile is activated, resulting in a symmetrical cloud of fragments rushing towards the target.

The most important performance characteristics of the complex

The target detection range reaches 600 km.
Up to 300 (!) heterogeneous objects can be tracked at the same time.
The maximum destruction range is up to 240 kilometers.
The target can be hit at speeds up to 4800 m/sec.
Up to 36 enemy aircraft or missiles can be attacked at the same time.
Up to two missiles can be fired at each of these targets at a time.
The deployment time of the S-400 complex, the characteristics of which are given here, is only 5-7 minutes.
Before a major overhaul, the system can operate up to 10 thousand hours.

What can this system interact with?

It should be noted that the S-400 air defense system can effectively interact not only with air and ground guidance systems, but even with military satellites in orbit around the planet. When creating the complex, specialists were guided by the principle of maximum possible compatibility, so it can be used with equal success in any grouping of the RF Armed Forces.

From this point of view, the radar surveillance and guidance complex - AK RLDN - seems especially promising. This equipment can perform automatic reconnaissance airspace enemy in order to ensure maximum efficiency of both air defense systems and attack aircraft.

The S-400 system works especially effectively with its modification A-50, as well as with the modernized replica A-50U, which includes the Shmel-M radio complex. It is installed on the Il-76 reconnaissance aircraft, so that the air defense system can receive information about those located thousands of kilometers away. In addition, combinations of various types of ground- and air-based RTKs (radio-technical complexes) are currently being tested.

The purpose of these experiments is to find the most informative and inexpensive option. Let us immediately note that of all the air defense systems existing not only in the West, but also in our country, this particular complex is the cheapest, most reliable and effective. The accuracy of hitting missiles, which the S-400 Triumph missile system has, is in no way inferior to that of the S-300, but all other indicators are much better.

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