The peasant movement in the civil war briefly. Green movement: theoretical basis for the emergence of green movements, history of origin, classification
In addition to the “reds” and “whites,” the “greens” also took part in the Civil War in Russia. Historians have mixed opinions regarding this category of those who fought; some consider them bandits, while others speak of them as defenders of their lands and freedom.
According to historian Ruslan Gagkuev, the Civil War in Russia led to the destruction of the foundations that had developed over centuries, as a result of which there were no vanquished in those battles, only those destroyed. Village residents tried to protect their lands as much as possible. This was the reason for the appearance in 1917 of rebel groups called “greens”.
These groups of people formed armed groups and hid in the forests, trying to avoid mobilization.
There is another version of the origin of the name of these units. According to General A. Denikin, these rebel detachments got their name from Zeleny, one of the atamans from the Poltava province, who fought both the whites and the reds.
Members of the green detachments did not wear uniforms; their clothing consisted of ordinary peasant shirts and trousers, and on their heads they wore woolen caps or sheepskin hats with a cross made of green fabric sewn on them. Their flag was also green.
It should be noted that the rural population had good fighting skills even before the war and were always ready to fend for themselves with pitchforks and axes. Even before the revolution, articles appeared in newspapers every now and then about clashes breaking out everywhere between villages.
When did the first one end? World War big number The villagers who took part in the hostilities took rifles with them from the front, and some even machine guns. It was dangerous for strangers to enter such villages.
Even army troops had to request permission from village elders to pass through such settlements. The elders' decisions were not always positive. In 1919, the influence of the Red Army became stronger, and many peasants hid in the forests, hiding from mobilization.
One of the most famous representatives“Greens” was Nestor Makhno, who made a unique career from a political prisoner to the commander of a Green army, which consisted of 55 thousand people. Makhno fought on the side of the Red Army, and for the capture of Mariupol he received the Order of the Red Banner.
However, the main activity of the greens from Nestor Makhno’s detachment was robberies of wealthy people and landowners. At the same time, the Makhnovists often killed prisoners.
In the early years of the Civil War, the Greens remained neutral, then fought on the side of the Red Army, but after 1920 they began to oppose everyone.
Another of the prominent representatives of the green army was A. Antonov, who was also a member of the left Socialist Revolutionaries, known as the leader of the Tambov Uprising of 1921-22. All members of his squad were “comrades,” and they carried out their activities under the slogan “For Justice.” At the same time, not all participants in the green movement were confident of their victory, which can be confirmed in the rebel songs.
In Russia, the brutality of the civil war was due to the breakdown of traditional
Russian statehood and the destruction of centuries-old foundations of life. rural people
entire villages, and even townships, sought to protect the islands at any cost
their little world from an external deadly threat, especially since they had experience
peasant wars. This was the most important reason for the emergence of a third force in
1917-1923 - “green rebels”. "Green" movement during the Civil War
wars are mass protests of peasants directed against the main
contenders for seizing power in the country - Bolsheviks, White Guards and foreign
interventionists. As a rule, they saw the governing bodies of the state as free
Councils formed as a result of the independent expression of the will of all citizens and
alien to any form of appointment from above. Green and black, as well as their combination
often used as the color of rebel banners.
war, already because its main strength is the peasants
- made up the majority of the country's population. From
which of the opposing sides they
will provide support, the course of the Civil War often depended
wars in general. Everyone understood this perfectly well
participants in the hostilities and tried their best
attract multi-million dollar
peasant masses. However, this is not always
succeeded, and then the confrontation took
extreme forms. In the central part of Russia
the attitude of the peasants towards the Bolsheviks was
dual character. On the one hand, they
supported after the famous decree on land,
assigned landowners' lands to the peasants, with
on the other hand, wealthy peasants and a large
Part
middle peasants
performed
against
food
politicians
Bolsheviks
And
forced seizure of agricultural products
farms.
Socially
alien
peasants
the White Guard movement also rarely found
them support. Despite the fact that in the ranks of the white
Many villagers served in the army, most of them
was gained in strength.
Peasant army of Nestor Makhno.
A typical Green commander was Nestor Makhno. Hewent through a difficult path from being a political prisoner due to participation in
anarchist group "Union of Poor Grain Growers" to
commander of the “Green Army”, numbering 55 thousand
person in 1919. He and his fighters were allies
Red Army. Makhno gave a special character to the army
anarchism, the adherents of which were both
the commander-in-chief and most of his commanders. IN
the theory that was most attractive to this idea was
"social"
revolutions
destructive
any
state power and thus eliminating
the main instrument of violence against the individual. Main
the position of Father Makhno’s program was the people’s
self-government and rejection of any form of dictate. If in
the beginning and middle of the Civil War, the "greens" or
adhered to
neutrality,
or
more often
Total
sympathized with the Soviet regime, then in 1920-1923 they
fought “against everyone.” For example, on the carts of one
commander “Batko Angel” it was written: “Beat the Reds until
If they don’t turn white, beat the whites until they turn red.”
People's movement under the leadership of A. S. Antonov.
The most prominent representative of the “greens” is considered to be a member of the partyLeft Socialist-Revolutionaries A. S. Antonov. Under his leadership no less powerful
and a large-scale “green” movement was observed in Tambov
provinces and the Volga region. After the name of its leader it received
name "Antonovshchina". He, like other green leaders
movement, put forward clear and simple slogans understandable to everyone
to a villager. The main one was the call to fight the communists for
building a free peasant republic. In these areas
peasants took control back in September 1917
landowners' lands and began to actively develop them. When in 1919
year, a large-scale food appropriation began, and they began to take away from people
the fruits of their labor, this caused the most severe reaction and forced
peasants take up arms. They had something to protect. In the army
Antonov used the word “comrade”, and the fight was carried out under
banner "For Justice". The struggle became particularly intense in
1920, when there was a severe drought in the Tambov region,
destroying most of the crop. In these difficult conditions, then
what they managed to collect was confiscated in favor of the Red Army and
townspeople As a result of such actions by the authorities, an outbreak of
a popular uprising that spread across several counties. It took
participation of about 4,000 armed peasants and more than 10,000 people with
pitchforks and scythes. As a result, the uprising soon spread to
other areas and took on an even larger scale. Bolshevik
It took enormous effort for the government to suppress it in 1921.
Causes of green damage.
Lack of a clear political program.The movement was not politically organized.
The partisan detachments could not for long
confront regular military units.
The successes and failures of opponents at the fronts were decisively determined by the strength of the situation in the front-line territories and in the rear, and depended on the attitude of the bulk of the population - the peasantry - to the authorities. The peasants who received the land, not wanting to participate in the Civil War, were drawn into it against their will by the active actions of the Whites and Reds. This gave birth to the green movement. This was the name of the peasant rebels who fought against food requisitions, mobilizations into the army, arbitrariness and violence of both the white and red authorities. In terms of scale and numbers, the movement significantly exceeded the white movement. The “Greens” did not have regular armies; they united in small detachments, often consisting of several dozen, less often hundreds of people. The rebels operated primarily in their areas of residence, but the movement itself covered the entire territory of Russia. It is no coincidence that Lenin considered the “petty-bourgeois counter-revolution” more dangerous than Kolchak and Denikin “taken together.”
The development of this mass peasant protest took place in the summer-autumn of 1918. The implementation of the “food dictatorship” meant the confiscation of “surplus” food from the middle and wealthy peasantry, i.e. majority of the rural population; “the transition from the democratic to the socialist” stage of the revolution in the countryside, within which the offensive against the “kulaks” began; dispersal of democratically elected and “Bolshevization” of rural Soviets; the forced establishment of collective farms - all this caused sharp protests among the peasantry. The introduction of the food dictatorship coincided with the beginning of the “front-line” Civil War and the expansion of the use of “red terror” as the most important means of solving political and economic problems.
The forced confiscation of food and forced mobilizations into the Red Army agitated the village. As a result, the bulk of the villagers recoiled from Soviet power, which manifested itself in massive peasant uprisings, of which there were more than 400 in 1918. To suppress them, punitive detachments, hostage-taking, artillery shelling and storming of villages were used. All this strengthened anti-Bolshevik sentiments and weakened the rear of the Reds, in connection with which the Bolsheviks were forced to make some economic and political concessions. In December 1918, they liquidated the hostile committees, and in January 1919, instead of a food dictatorship, they introduced food appropriation. (Its main purpose is the regulation of food procurement.) In March 1919, a course towards an alliance with the middle peasants was proclaimed, who previously, as “grain holders,” were actually united with the kulaks in one category.
The peak of resistance of the “greens” in the rear of the red troops occurred in the spring - summer of 1919. In March - May, uprisings swept Bryansk, Samara, Simbirsk, Yaroslavl, Pskov and other provinces of Central Russia. The scale of the insurgency in the South: Don, Kuban and Ukraine was especially significant. Events developed dramatically in the Cossack regions of Russia. The participation of Cossacks in the anti-Bolshevik struggle on the side of the white armies in 1918 became the cause of mass repressions, including against the civilian population of the Kuban and Don in January 1919. This again stirred up the Cossacks. In March 1919, on the Upper Don and then on the Middle Don, they raised an uprising under the slogan: “For Soviet power, but against the commune, executions and robberies.” The Cossacks actively supported Denikin's offensive in June - July 1919.
The interaction of red, white, “green” and national forces in Ukraine was complex and contradictory. After the departure of German and Austrian troops from its territory, the restoration of Soviet power here was accompanied by the widespread use of terror by various revolutionary committees and “cherekas”. In the spring and summer of 1919, local peasants experienced the food policies of the proletarian dictatorship, which also caused sharp protests. As a result, both small detachments of “greens” and fairly massive armed formations operated on the territory of Ukraine. The most famous of them were the movements of N. A. Grigoriev and N. I. Makhno.
Former staff captain of the Russian army Grigoriev in 1917-1918. served in the troops of the Central Rada, under Hetman Skoropadsky, joined the Petliurists, and after their defeat in early February 1919, he went over to the side of the Red Army. As a brigade commander and then a division commander, he took part in battles against the interventionists. But on May 7, 1919, refusing to transfer his troops to the aid of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, he withdrew them from the front zone and started a mutiny in the rear of the Red Army, which was fighting against Denikin. Grigoriev's military forces amounted to 20 thousand people, over 50 guns, 700 machine guns, 6 armored trains. The main slogans are “Power to the Soviets of Ukraine without communists”; "Ukraine for Ukrainians"; "Free trade in bread." In May - June 1919, the Grigorievites controlled vast lands in the Black Sea region. However, in June their main forces were defeated, and the remnants went to Makhno.
A convinced anarchist, Makhno created a detachment in April 1918 and became famous for its partisan struggle against the Germans; opposed the hetman regime and parts of Petliura. By the beginning of 1919, the size of his army exceeded 20 thousand and included divisions, regiments, and had its own headquarters and Revolutionary Military Council. In February 1919, when Denikin's troops invaded the territory of Ukraine, Makhno's units became part of the Red Army. However, politically the Makhnovists were far from the Bolsheviks. In May, Makhno wrote to one of the Soviet leaders: “I and my front remain invariably faithful to the workers’ and peasants’ revolution, but not to the institution of violence in the person of your commissars and Chekas, who commit tyranny over the working population.” The Makhnovists advocated for a “powerless state” and “free Soviets”; their main slogan was: “To defend Ukraine from Denikin, against the whites, against the reds, against everyone attacking Ukraine.” Makhno refused to cooperate with Wrangel against the Bolsheviks, but three times signed agreements with the Reds on a joint struggle against the Whites. Its parts were contributed huge contribution to the defeat of Denikin and Wrangel. However, after solving common problems, Makhno refused to submit to Soviet power and was eventually declared an outlaw. Nevertheless, its movement was not local in nature, but covered a vast territory from the Dniester to the Don. The “revolutionary insurgent army of Ukraine,” numbering 50 thousand people in 1920, included motley elements that did not shy away from robberies and pogroms, which was also characteristic feature movements.
After the defeat of the main white forces at the end of 1919 - beginning of 1920, the peasant war in European Russia broke out with new strength and, as many historians believe, the bloodiest phase of the Civil War began. The internal front for the Red Army became the main one. 1920 - the first half of 1921 is called the period of the “green flood”, as it was the time of the bloodiest massacres, the burning of villages and hamlets, and mass deportations of the population. The basis of peasant discontent was the policy of “war communism”: the war ended, and emergency measures in economic policy were not only preserved, but also strengthened. The peasants opposed surplus appropriation, military, horse, horse-drawn and other duties, failure to comply with which resulted in arrest, confiscation of property, taking hostages, and execution on the spot. Desertion became widespread, reaching 20 or even 35% of the force in some units. military units. Most of deserters were replenished by the “green” units, which in the official Soviet language were called “gangs”. In Ukraine, Kuban, Tambov region, the Lower Volga region and Siberia, peasant resistance had the character of a real cross-country war. In each province there were groups of rebels who hid in the forests, attacked punitive detachments, took hostages and shot them. Regular units of the Red Army were sent against the “greens,” led by military leaders who had already become famous in the fight against the whites: M. N. Tukhachevsky, M. V. Frunze, S. M. Budyonny, G. I. Kotovsky, I. E. Yakir , I. P. Uborevich et al.
One of the most large-scale and organized was the peasant uprising that began on August 15, 1920 in the Tambov province, which received the name “Antonovshchina” after the name of its leader. Here, the provincial Congress of the Labor Peasantry, not without the influence of the Social Revolutionaries, adopted a program that included: the overthrow of the Bolshevik government, the convening of the Constituent Assembly, the formation of a provisional government from opposition parties, the abolition of the tax in kind and the introduction of free trade. In January 1921, the number of “bandits” reached 50 thousand. At the disposal of their “Main Operational Headquarters” were two armies (consisting of 21 regiments) and one separate brigade. The South-Eastern Railway was cut, which disrupted the supply of grain to the central regions, about 60 state farms were plundered, and over two thousand party and Soviet workers were killed. Artillery, aviation, and armored vehicles were used against the rebels. Tukhachevsky, who led the suppression of the rebellion, wrote that the troops had to fight “an entire occupation war.” In June 1921, the main forces were defeated, and only in July the uprising was finally suppressed.
In October 1920, there was an uprising in the garrison Nizhny Novgorod. The Red Army soldiers - mobilized peasants - at a non-party conference adopted a resolution demanding improved nutrition, free elections to the Soviets and the permission of free trade. It also condemned commanders and commissars who did not share the hardships of a soldier's life. When the conference leaders were arrested, a rebellion broke out in response. It reflected the sentiments that had become widespread in the army and navy, and was the predecessor of the Kronstadt mutiny.
Perhaps the most tragic on the internal front in 1920-1921. there were events in the Don and Kuban. After the Whites left in March-April 1920, the Bolsheviks established a regime of strict control here, treating the local population like victors in a conquered hostile country. In response to the Don and Kuban, in September 1920, the insurrectionary movement began again, in which 8 thousand people took part. Its suppression marked the Bolsheviks' transition to a policy of mass terror against the entire population of the region. The territory was divided into sectors, and three representatives of the Cheka were sent to each. They had the authority to shoot on the spot anyone found to have connections with whites. The scope for their activity was great: in certain periods, up to 70% of the Cossacks fought against the Bolsheviks. In addition, concentration camps were created for family members of active fighters against Soviet power, and the number of “enemies of the people” included old people, women, and children, many of whom were doomed to death.
The inability to consolidate anti-Bolshevik forces, restore order in their rear, organize reinforcements and organize food supplies for army units was the main reason for the military failures of the Whites in the 1919-1920s. Initially, the peasantry, as well as the urban population, who experienced the food dictatorship and the terror of the Red Cheka, greeted the whites as liberators. And they won their most resounding victories when their armies were several times smaller in number than Soviet units. So, in January 1919, in the Perm region, 40 thousand Kolchakites captured 20 thousand Red Army soldiers. The admiral’s troops included 30 thousand Vyatka and Izhevsk workers who fought staunchly at the front. At the end of May 1919, when Kolchak’s power extended from the Volga to Pacific Ocean, and Denikin controlled vast areas in the south of Russia, their armies numbered hundreds of thousands of people, and aid from the allies regularly arrived.
However, already in July 1919 in the East, from the Kolchak front, the decline of the White movement began. Both the whites and the reds represented their enemies well. For the Bolsheviks, these were the bourgeoisie, landowners, officers, cadets, Cossacks, kulaks, nationalists; for the whites, they were communists, commissars, internationalists, Bolshevik sympathizers, socialists, Jews, separatists. However, if the Bolsheviks put forward slogans that were understandable to the masses and spoke on behalf of the working people, the situation was different for the Whites. The White movement was based on the ideology of “non-predecision”, according to which the choice of form political structure, the definition of the socio-economic order was to be carried out only after the victory over the Soviets. It seemed to the generals that rejection of the Bolsheviks alone was enough to unite their disparate opponents into one fist. And since the main task of the moment was the military defeat of the enemy, in which the main role was assigned to the white armies, then in all their territories they established a military dictatorship, which either sharply suppressed (Kolchak) or pushed into the background organized political forces(Denikin). And although the whites argued that “the army is outside of politics,” they themselves were faced with the need to solve pressing political problems.
This is precisely the character that the agrarian question acquired. Kolchak and Wrangel postponed his decision “for later,” brutally suppressing land seizures by peasants. In Denikin's territories, their lands were returned to the previous owners, and peasants were often dealt with for the fears and robberies they had endured in 1917-1918. Confiscated enterprises also passed into the hands of the previous owners, and workers' protests in defense of their rights were suppressed. In the sphere of socio-economic relations, there has largely been a throwback to the pre-February situation, which, in fact, led to the revolution.
Standing in the position of “united and indivisible Russia,” the military suppressed any attempts at autonomous isolation within the country, thereby pushing away national movements, primarily the bourgeoisie and the intelligentsia; There were not isolated manifestations of xenophobia, especially anti-Semitism. The reluctance to meet the Cossacks halfway and recognize their rights to autonomy and self-government led to a rift between the whites and their loyal allies - the Kuban and Don people. (Whites even called them “half-Bolsheviks” and “separatists.”) This policy turned their natural anti-Bolshevik allies into their own enemies. Being honest officers and sincere patriots, the White Guard generals turned out to be worthless politicians. In all these matters the Bolsheviks showed much greater flexibility.
The logic of the war forced the whites to pursue policies similar to those of the Bolsheviks on their territories. Attempts to mobilize into the army provoked the growth of the insurgent movement, peasant uprisings, to suppress which punitive detachments and expeditions were sent. This was accompanied by violence and robberies of civilians. Desertion became widespread. Even more repulsive were the economic practices of the white administrations. The basis of the administrative apparatus were former officials who reproduced red tape, bureaucracy, and corruption. “Entrepreneurs close to the authorities” profited from supplies to the army, but normal supplies to the troops were never established. As a result, the army was forced to resort to self-supply. In the fall of 1919, an American observer characterized this situation as follows: “... the supply system was so unsecured and became so ineffective that the troops had no other choice but to supply themselves from the local population. The official permission that legitimized this practice quickly degenerated into permissiveness, and the troops are held accountable for all sorts of excesses.”
The White Terror was as merciless as the Red Terror. The only difference between them was that the Red Terror was organized and consciously directed against class-hostile elements, while the White Terror was more spontaneous, spontaneous: it was dominated by motives of revenge, suspicions of disloyalty and hostility. As a result, arbitrariness was established in the white-controlled territories, anarchy and permissiveness of those who had power and weapons triumphed. All this had a negative impact on morale and reduced the combat effectiveness of the army.
The attitude of the population towards whites was negatively influenced by their connections with the allies. Without their help, it was impossible to establish powerful armed resistance to the Reds. But the frank desire of the French, British, Americans, Japanese to take possession Russian property using the weakness of the state; The large-scale export of food and raw materials caused discontent among the population. The Whites found themselves in an ambiguous position: in the struggle for the liberation of Russia from the Bolsheviks, they received the support of those who viewed the territory of our country as an object of economic expansion. This also worked for the Soviet government, which objectively acted as a patriotic force.
Lesson developments (lesson notes)
Secondary general education
Line UMK I. L. Andreeva, O. V. Volobueva. History (6-10)
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Documents on the activities of the Whites, Reds and Greens.
"White"
Documentation:
What are you fighting for and why did we take up arms?
You are fighting for the commissar state, for the deceitful power of the Apfelbaums (Zinoviev), the Bronsteins (Trotsky), the Rosenfelds (Kamenev), the Nakhamkes (Steklovs), the Kalinins, the Petersons, who do not care about our Motherland and only want its shame.
We are fighting for the Constituent Assembly, for the popular and free choice of people who love the Motherland, who have one thought and one heart with the people... You are planting communes that enable lazy people, parasites to enjoy the fruits of their working hands.
We defend property rights. Everyone has the right to what legally belongs to him, everyone has the right to acquire through honest labor what he lacks. Everyone has the right to freely dispose of what he has obtained through his labors...
You are embroiled in an endless war with the whole world. The Trotskys and Zinovievs want to flood the whole earth in... blood. They set workers against peasants, peasants against workers. Sons against fathers and fathers against sons.
We bring peace to Russian land. Immediately after the overthrow of the Bolshevik government, soaked in the blood of the Russian people, freedom of peaceful labor must be restored. Our fields have already been stained with Russian blood for quite some time due to the fault of rogues who do not have their own Fatherland. Let all the blood they shed fall on their heads. It's time for you, Russian man, last time take up the gun and overthrow the yoke of the red executioners, finally return to the hearth and peaceful work. Bread is with us, peace is with us, and the owner of the Russian land is the Constituent Assembly.
White Army Headquarters
Appeal from the commander of the people's militia Antonov
The hour of our liberation has struck. The moment has come for deliverance from the red autocrats, who settled like a robber nightingale in white-stone Moscow, who desecrated our shrines, our icons with holy relics, who shed a sea of innocent blood of our fathers and brothers, who turned our strong and rich state into an impassable desert. Here is my order for you: Regardless of any obstacles, immediately embark on a campaign to unite with my militia. The Fatherland is in danger, it calls for heroism. So, follow me to the rescue of Moscow! God and people are with us! Come to me, in Tambov!
Land Law P.N. Wrangel
The previous owners may retain part of their land, but the size of this part in each individual case is determined locally by local land institutions...
All lands transferred to the owners are assigned to them by deeds and become the eternal, hereditary property of each owner. The land is not alienated for nothing, but for payment to the State of its value. Such a transfer of land ensures its transfer to real, lasting owners, and not to any person greedy for free gifts and a stranger to the land. The price per tithe of land is determined by five times the cost of the average annual harvest per tithe. Payment for the land is spread over 25 years and, therefore, each owner will have to annually contribute one fifth of the harvest or pay its cost. Payment to the State can be made either in bread or in money, at the request of the payer.
Declaration of A.V. Kolchak on the agrarian question
April 8, 1919 ...At the same time, the Government will take measures to ensure landless peasants and land-poor peasants in the future, taking advantage, first of all, of privately owned and state-owned land, which has already become the actual possession of the peasants. Lands that were cultivated exclusively or predominantly by the families of land owners, farmers, Otrubentsy, Utrentsy, are subject to return to their rightful owners.
The measures taken are aimed at satisfying the urgent needs of the working population of the village. In its final form, the age-old land issue will be resolved by the National Assembly... and other sources.
General foundations of the political program of General L.G. Kornilov. January 1918
I. Restoration of citizenship rights:
All citizens are equal before the law without distinction of gender or nationality;
Abolition of class privileges;
Preservation of the inviolability of person and home;
Freedom of movement, residence, etc.
II. Full restoration of freedom of speech and press.
III. Restoring freedom of industry and trade, canceling the nationalization of private financial enterprises.
IV. Restoration of property rights.
V. Restoration of the Russian army on the basis of genuine military discipline. The army should be formed on a volunteer basis without committees, commissioners or elected positions.
VI. Full fulfillment of all union obligations assumed by Russia international treaties. The war must be brought to an end in close unity with our allies. Peace must be concluded as a general and honorable peace on democratic principles, that is, with the right to self-determination of enslaved peoples.
VII. In Russia, universal, compulsory elementary education with broad local school autonomy.
VIII. The Constituent Assembly, disrupted by the Bolsheviks, must be convened again. Elections to the Constituent Assembly must be held freely, without any pressure on the will of the people, throughout the country. The personality of the people's representatives is sacred and inviolable.
IX. The government, created under the program of General Kornilov, is responsible in its actions only to the Constituent Assembly, to which it transfers the fullness of state legislative power. The Constituent Assembly, as the sole owner of the Russian land, must develop the basic laws of the Russian constitution and finally construct the state system.
X. The Church must receive complete autonomy in religious affairs. State guardianship over religious affairs is eliminated. Freedom of religion is fully exercised.
XI. A complex agrarian question is presented to the Constituent Assembly for resolution. Until the latter develops the land question in its final form and publishes the corresponding laws, all kinds of anarchistic actions of citizens are recognized as unacceptable.
XII. All citizens are equal before the court. The death penalty remains in force, but is applied only in cases of the most serious state crimes.
XIII. The workers retain all the political and economic gains of the revolution in the field of labor regulation, freedom of workers' unions, meetings and strikes, with the exception of the forced socialization of enterprises and workers' control, leading to the death of domestic industry.
XIV. General Kornilov recognizes the right of individual nationalities that are part of Russia to broad local autonomy, subject, however, to maintaining state unity. Poland, Ukraine and Finland, formed into separate national-state units, should be widely supported by the Russian government in their aspirations for state revival, in order to further weld together the eternal and indestructible Union of fraternal peoples.
White archive. Collections of materials on the history and literature of war, revolution, Bolshevism, white movement etc. / Ed. Ya. M. Lisovsky. - Paris, 1928. - T. II-III. - pp. 130-131.
About the reprisal against the peasants who rebelled against Kolchak. Order of General Maikovsky. September 30, 1919
I. In each village in the region of the uprising (against Kolchak), search in detail; those captured with weapons in their hands, as enemies, are shot on the spot.
II. Arrest based on evidence local residents all agitators, members of the Soviet of Deputies who helped the uprising, deserters, accomplices and concealers and be brought to court martial.
III. Send the unreliable and vicious element to the Berezovsky and Nerchensky regions, handing them over to the police.
IV. Local authorities who did not provide adequate resistance to the bandits, carried out their orders and did not take all measures to eliminate the Reds with their own means, should be brought before a military court, the punishment increased up to and including the death penalty.
V. Villages that have rebelled again will be liquidated with double severity, up to the destruction of the entire village.
Homeland. - 1990. - No. 10. - P. 61.
We must help the healthy elements. From materials of the main command of the Entente armies. February 17, 1919
///. Action plan
The restoration of the regime of order in Russia is a purely national matter, which must be carried out by the Russian people themselves.
However: support them by encircling the Bolshevik armies; provide them with our material and moral support.
EnvironmentBolshevism, what began with the north, east and south should be supplemented:
Onsouth- east actions taken from the Caspian Sea region to ensure the effective closure of the two main groupings of national forces (the armies of Denikin - Krasnov and the Ural Army).
Onwest through the restoration of a Poland capable of militarily defending its existence.
Eventually through the occupation of Petrograd and, in any case, through the blockade of the Baltic Sea.
Directsupport, whichshouldprovide Russiannationalforces, consists, among other things, in the supply of necessary material resources, Vcreating a database, where these forces could continue their organization and from where they could then launch their offensive operations.
In this regard, there is a need occupationUkraine.
The actions of the Entente should, therefore, be aimed mainly at the implementation of: the complete encirclement of Bolshevism, the occupation of Ukraine, the organization of Russian forces.
From the history of the civil war in the USSR. - M., 1961. - T. 2. - P. 7-8.
General A.I. Denikin on the land issue. From the official message of the chairman of a special meeting with the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in southern Russia. April 10, 1919
At the direction of A.I. Denikin, the following principles were used as the basis for the development and drafting of regulations and rules:
I. Ensuring the interests of the working population.
II. Creation and strengthening of small and medium-sized farms at the expense of state-owned and privately owned lands.
III. Reservation of the owners of their rights to land. ! At the same time, in each individual locality, the amount of land that can be retained in the hands of the previous owners must be determined, and the procedure for transferring the remaining privately owned land to the land-poor must be established. These transfers can be made through voluntary agreements or through forced alienation, but always for a fee. Land not exceeding the established size is assigned to the new owners as property rights.
IV. Cossack lands, allotment lands, forests, lands of highly productive agricultural enterprises, as well as lands that do not have an agricultural purpose, but constitute a necessary accessory for mining and other industrial enterprises, are not subject to alienation; in the last two cases - in the increased sizes established for each locality.
V. Full assistance to farmers through technical improvements of land (reclamation), agronomic assistance, credit, means of production, supply of seeds, live and dead implements, etc.
Without waiting for the final development of the land situation, measures must now be taken to facilitate the transition of land to land-poor land and to increase the productivity of agricultural labor. At the same time, the authorities must prevent revenge and class enmity, subordinating private interests to the good of the state.
October 1917 and the fate of the political opposition // Reader on history social movements and political parties: a joint Russian-Belarusian study. - Gomel, 1993. - P. 65.
"Reds"
Documentation:
Resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee “On the transformation of the Soviet republic into a military camp”
Face to face with the imperialist predators seeking to strangle the Soviet Republic and tear its corpse to pieces, face to face with the Russian bourgeoisie, which has raised the yellow banner of treason and is betraying the workers' and peasants' country to the jackals of foreign imperialism, the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Workers', Peasants', Red Army and Cossack Deputies Decrees: The Soviet Republic is turning into a military camp. At the head of all fronts and all military institutions of the Republic is a Revolutionary Military Council with one commander-in-chief. All the forces and means of the Socialist Republic are placed at the disposal of the sacred cause of armed struggle against rapists. All citizens, regardless of occupation and age, must unquestioningly fulfill those duties for the defense of the country that will be assigned to them by the Soviet government.
Supported by the entire working population of the country, the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army will crush and push back the imperialist predators trampling the soil of the Soviet Republic.
The Council of People's Commissars, having heard the report of the chairman of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Profiteering and Ex-officio Crime on the activities of this commission, finds that in this situation, securing the rear through terror is a complete necessity... that it is necessary to secure the Soviet Republic from class enemies through isolating them in concentration camps; that all persons connected with White Guard organizations, conspiracies and rebellions are subject to execution; that it is necessary to publish the names of all those executed, as well as the reasons for applying this measure to them.
From the resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the transition to the general mobilization of workers and poor peasants of the workers' and peasants' red army
The Central Executive Committee believes that the transition from a volunteer army to a general mobilization of workers and poor peasants is imperatively dictated by the entire situation of the country, both for the struggle for bread and for repelling the insolent counter-revolution, both internal and external, due to hunger. It is necessary to move immediately to forced recruitment of one or more ages. In view of the complexity of the matter and the difficulty of carrying it out simultaneously over the entire territory of the country, it seems necessary to begin, on the one hand, with the most threatened areas, and on the other hand, with the main centers of the labor movement.
Based on the above, the Central Executive Committee decides to order the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs to develop within a week for Moscow, Petrograd, Don and Kuban regions a plan for implementing forced recruitment within such limits and forms that would least disrupt the course of production and public life designated regions and cities.
The corresponding Soviet institutions are ordered to take the most energetic and active part in the work of the Military Commissariat to fulfill the tasks assigned to it.
From the report of the newspaper "Izvestia" about the execution of Tsar Nicholas II
On the night of July 16-17, by resolution of the Presidium of the Regional Council of Workers, Peasants and Red Army Deputies of the Urals, he was shot former king Nikolai Romanov. With this act of revolutionary punishment, Soviet Russia solemnly warns all its enemies who dream of returning the tsarist regime and even dare to threaten with weapons in their hands.
From the provisions on workers' control. Adopted by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on November 14 (27), 1917.
3. For each large city, province or industrial region, a local Council of Workers' Control is created, which, being an organ of the Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, is composed of representatives of Trade Unions, Factory, Factory and other Workers' Committees and Workers' Cooperatives...
10. In all enterprises, the owners and representatives of workers and employees selected to exercise Workers' Control are declared responsible to the state for the strictest order, discipline and protection of property. Those guilty of concealing materials, products, orders and incorrectly maintaining reports, etc. abuses are subject to criminal liability...
Information about the atrocities of the Bolsheviks in the city of Yekaterinodar and its environs.
The Bolsheviks entered the city of Ekaterinodar on March 1, 1918. On the same day, a group of civilians, mainly intellectuals, was arrested, and all those detained... 83 people were killed, hacked to death and shot without any trial or investigation. The corpses were buried in three holes right there in the city. A number of witnesses, as well as doctors who then examined the dead, confirmed cases of burying unfinished, half-chopped victims. Among those killed were identified: a member of the Pushkari city council, a notary Globa-Mikhailenko and the secretary of the Peasant Union Molinov, as well as children 14-16 years of age and old people over 65 years old. The victims were mocked by cutting off their fingers and toes, genitals, disfiguring their faces and other sources.
The food policy of previous years showed that the disruption of fixed prices for bread and the abandonment of the grain monopoly, having made it easier for a handful of... capitalists to feast, would make bread completely inaccessible to the many millions of working people and would subject them to inevitable starvation... Not a single pood grain should not remain in the hands of the holders, except for the amount necessary to sow their fields and feed their families until the new harvest. And this must be put into practice immediately, especially after the occupation of Ukraine by the Germans, when we are forced to be content with grain resources, which are barely enough for seeding and reduced food...
Taking into account that only with the strictest accounting and equal distribution of all grain reserves will Russia get out of the food crisis, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets decided:
1. Confirming the inviolability of the grain monopoly and fixed prices, as well as the need for a merciless fight against grain speculators and bag smugglers, oblige each owner of grain to submit the entire excess in excess of the amount necessary for sowing the fields and personal consumption according to established standards before the new harvest, to declare for delivery within a week. after the announcement of this resolution in each volost...
2. Call on all working people and poor peasants to immediately unite for a merciless fight against the kulaks.
3. To declare everyone who has a surplus of grain and does not take it to dump points, as well as wasting grain reserves for moonshine, enemies of the people, transfer them to the revolutionary court so that the perpetrators are sentenced to imprisonment for a term of at least 10 years, expelled forever from communities, all their property was subject to confiscation, and moonshiners, moreover, were sentenced to forced community service.
4. If someone is found to have a surplus of bread that has not been declared for delivery, in accordance with paragraph 1, the bread is taken from him free of charge, and the value of the undeclared surplus due at fixed prices is paid in half to the person who indicates the concealment of the surplus, after the actual their receipt at dumping points, and half the amount - to the rural community...
For a more successful fight against the food crisis, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets decides to grant the People's Commissariat of Food the following powers:
1. Issue mandatory regulations on food matters that go beyond the normal competence of the People's Commissariat of Food.
2. Repeal decisions of local food authorities and other organizations and institutions that contradict the plans and actions of the People's Commissar of Food.
3. Demand that institutions and organizations of all departments unconditionally and immediately comply with the orders of the People's Commissar of Food in connection with food matters.
4. Use armed force in the event of opposition to the confiscation of bread or other food products.
5. Dissolve or reorganize local food authorities in case of opposition to their orders of the People's Commissar of Food.
6. Dismiss, dismiss, bring before the revolutionary court, arrest officials and employees of all departments and public organizations in the event of their disorganizing interference with the orders of the People's Commissar for Food...
Collection of laws and orders of the workers' and peasants' government. - M., 1918. - No. 35. - Art. 468. - pp. 437-438.
From the Regulations on Workers' Control. Adopted by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on November 14 (27), 1917.
2. Workers' Control is exercised by all workers of a given enterprise through their elected institutions, such as factory committees, councils of elders, etc., and these institutions include representatives from employees and technical personnel.
3. For each large city, province or industrial region, a local Council of Workers' Control is created, which, being an organ of the Council of Workers, Soldiers and PeasantDeputies, is being compiled from representatives of Trade Unions, Factory, Factory and other Work Committees and Work Cooperatives...
6. Bodies of Workers' Control have the right to monitor production, establish the minimum output of the enterprise, and take measures to determine the cost of manufactured products.
7. Workers’ Control bodies have the right to control all business correspondence enterprises, and the owners are liable in court for concealing correspondence. Trade secrets are cancelled. Owners are required to present all books and reports to the Workers' Control authorities, both for the current year and for previous reporting years.
8. Decisions of the bodies of Workers' Control are binding on the owners of enterprises and can only be canceled by a resolution of the highest bodies of Workers' Control.
9. An entrepreneur or enterprise administration is given a three-day period to appeal to the appropriate supreme body Workers' Control of all decisions of the lower bodies of Workers' Control.
10. In all enterprises, owners and representatives workers And* employees, selectedForimplementation Workers' Control are declared responsible to the state for the strictest order, discipline and protection of property. Those guilty of concealing materials, products, orders and incorrectly maintaining reports, etc. abuses are subject to criminal liability...
Decisions of the party and government on economic issues. - pp. 25-27.
On the organization of the workers' and peasants' Red Army. From the decree of the Council of People's Commissars. January 15, 1918
The old army served as an instrument of class oppression of the working people by the bourgeoisie. With the transfer of power to the working and exploited classes, the need arose to create a new army, which would be the stronghold of Soviet power in the present, the foundation for replacing the standing army with all-people's weapons in the near future and would serve as support for the coming socialist revolution in Europe.
In view of this, the Council of People's Commissars decides: to organize new army under the name "Workers' and Peasants' Red Army" on the following grounds:
1) The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army is created from the most conscious and organized elements of the working masses.
2) Access to its ranks is open to all citizens of the Russian Republic at least 18 years of age. Anyone who is ready to give their strength, their life to defend their conquests joins the Red Army. October revolution, the power of the Soviets and socialism. To join the Red Army, recommendations are required: from military committees or public democratic organizations standing on the platform of Soviet power, party or professional organizations, or at least two members of these organizations. When joining in whole parts, mutual responsibility of everyone and a roll-call vote are required.
Decrees of the Soviet government. - M., 1957. - T. 1. - P. 356-357.
The Czechoslovaks met the echelons of Red Guards with fire. From the report of the Chairman of the West Siberian Regional Council to the NARKOMVOEN. Omsk. May 26, 1918
Starting with demands for large supplies of grain and advancing with weapons to Vladivostok, Czechoslovak echelons seize railways, telegraphs and stations, and communicate in their own language over the telegraph. They convene a Czechoslovak military congress in Chelyabinsk and declare that no train traffic will be allowed between Omsk - Chelyabinsk. In Omsk it came to bloodshed. The Czechoslovaks met the marching echelons of Red Guards with fire. Many wounded. Solid assistance from the Urals and certain instructions from the center are needed. I repeat, the situation is very serious. Between Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk, the Czechoslovak train disarmed the partisan detachment going to fight Semyonov and captured the city of Mariinsk...
Directives of the command of the fronts of the Red Army. - M., 1977. - T. 1. - P. 30.
About deserters. From the Order of the Chairman of the RVSR on troops and Soviet institutions of the southern front. November 24, 1919
1. Any scoundrel who incites retreat, desertion, or failure to comply with combat orders will be shot.
2. Any Red Army soldier who leaves his combat post without permission will be shot.
3. Any soldier who throws away his rifle or sells part of his uniform will be shot...
6. Those responsible for harboring deserters are subject to execution.
7. Houses in which deserters will hide will be burned.
Military-historical magazine. - 1989. - No. 8. - P. 46.
Greens
Documentation:
On the creation of a “true Soviet socialist system.” From a dispatch from the Revolutionary Military Council of Father Makhno’s rebel army. January 7, 1920
1. All orders of Denikin’s volunteer power are abolished. Those orders of the communist government that were contrary to the interests of peasants and workers are also cancelled.
2. Note: as to which of the orders of the communist government are harmful to the working people, the working people themselves must decide - peasants at gatherings, workers in their factories and factories...
3. All workers' and peasants' organizations are expected to begin building free workers' and peasants' councils. Only workers who participate in one or another necessary for National economy labor Representatives political organizations have no place in the workers' and peasants' councils, since their participation in the workers' council will turn the latter into a council of party documents, which can lead to the death of the Soviet system.
4. The existence of emergency committees, party revolutionary committees and similar coercive, domineering and disciplinary institutions is unacceptable among free peasants and workers.
5. Freedom of speech, press, meetings, unions, etc. is the inalienable right of every worker, and any restriction thereof is a counter-revolutionary act.
6. State guards, police... are abolished. Instead, the population itself organizes its own self-protection. Self-protection can only be organized by workers and peasants... and other sources.
